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Aerosols have a significant impact on technological processes and human activities. In many cases, aerosols are at the core of human health, environmental and technological problems (climate change and air quality). However, aerosols can be successfully used in industry and technology (new materials, fire suppression and fuel delivery). The current scientific status of aerosol modelling and simulation and measurements and some advances in computational techniques, particle measurement technologies and practical applications of aerosols are reviewed and considered in this book. This book also includes a number of case studies focused on analysis of optical thickness and air quality in various regions.

Geography. --- Cosmography --- Earth sciences --- World history --- Engineering --- Physical Sciences --- Engineering and Technology --- Environmental Engineering --- Aerology

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For future hypersonic and supersonic flight, clean, sustainable and energy-efficient propulsion should be addressed in the general background of the sensational clean electric transition of aircraft. This chapter is to draw the attention of the research communities on the possible feasibilities and challenges of hydrogen-electric propulsion in hypersonic and supersonic flight. This chapter is structured with the following aspects, (1) general design and hybridisation concepts of hydrogen-electric propulsion for general aircraft and their hypersonic and supersonic considerations; (2) merits of hydrogen-electric propulsion on thermofluids process integrations; (3) potential merits of hydrogen-electric propulsion projected through thermofluids structural engineering and re-engineering; (4) storage options and their challenges in design and operation; and (5) reliability considerations.

Aerodynamics, Hypersonic. --- Aerodynamics.

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The accurate prediction of multi-physical and multi-scale physical/chemical/mechanical processes in engineering remains a challenging problem despite considerable work in this area and the acceptance of finite element analysis and computational fluid dynamics as design tools. This book intends to provide the reader with an overview of the latest developments in computational techniques used in various engineering disciplines. The book includes leading-edge scientific contributions of computational and applied mathematics, computer science and engineering focusing on the modelling and simulation of complex engineering systems and multi-physical/multi-scale engineering problems. The following topics are covered: numerical analysis and algorithms, software development, coupled analysis, multi-criteria optimization as they applied to all kinds of applied and emerging problems in energy systems, additive manufacturing, propulsion systems, and thermal engineering.

Computational fluid dynamics.

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Accurate prediction of turbulent flows remains a challenging task despite considerable work in this area and the acceptance of CFD as a design tool. The quality of the CFD calculations of the flows in engineering applications strongly depends on the proper prediction of turbulence phenomena. Investigations of flow instability, heat transfer, skin friction, secondary flows, flow separation, and reattachment effects demand a reliable modelling and simulation of the turbulence, reliable methods, accurate programming, and robust working practices. The current scientific status of simulation of turbulent flows as well as some advances in computational techniques and practical applications of turbulence research is reviewed and considered in the book.

Motor vehicles. --- Aeronautics. --- Astronautics. --- Space sciences --- Aeronautics --- Astrodynamics --- Space flight --- Space vehicles --- Aerostation --- Air navigation --- Aviation --- Communication and traffic --- Aerodynamics --- Airships --- Astronautics --- Balloons --- Flight --- Flying-machines --- Automotive vehicles --- Transportation, Automotive --- Vehicles --- Engineering --- Physical Sciences --- Engineering and Technology --- Aerospace Engineering