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China’s concentrated HIV epidemic is on the brink of becoming a generalized one and syphilis infection has become a major public health threat. Social factors relating to gender and gender inequality exacerbate the spread of HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STI) in China. A better understanding of the proximate social determinants of HIV related to gender will be crucial to effectively curbing HIV and other STIs in China. Aspects of China’s governance - including administrative procedures, the developing legal system, social institutions, and the public health infrastructure – are instrumental in shaping strategies and responses to HIV. International studies suggest that women who are more economically and socially vulnerable may also have a greater risk of HIV infection, yet few initiatives have focused on discrete areas where achievable and sustainable gender policy measures could be linked to the public health response. This study presents perspectives ranging from criminology to social psychology to better understand how gender perspectives can inform HIV policy in the context of China.

AIDS (Disease) -- Patients -- China -- Social conditions. --- AIDS (Disease) -- Social aspects -- China. --- HIV (Viruses) -- Social aspects -- China. --- HIV-positive persons -- China -- Social conditions. --- Sex discrimination -- China. --- HIV infections --- AIDS (Disease) --- Reproductive health --- Genital Diseases, Female --- Risk --- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes --- Risk Management --- Far East --- Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral --- Lentivirus Infections --- Epidemiologic Measurements --- Infection --- Social Control Policies --- Genital Diseases, Male --- Sexual Behavior --- Social Problems --- Virus Diseases --- Organization and Administration --- Immune System Diseases --- Sociology --- Policy --- Behavior --- Retroviridae Infections --- Diseases --- Probability --- Public Health --- Female Urogenital Diseases --- Male Urogenital Diseases --- Social Control, Formal --- Asia --- Bacterial Infections and Mycoses --- RNA Virus Infections --- Statistics as Topic --- Health Services Administration --- Environment and Public Health --- Social Sciences --- Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms --- Geographic Locations --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Health Care --- Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms --- Geographicals --- Epidemiologic Methods --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Investigative Techniques --- Quality of Health Care --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Risk Assessment --- Sexually Transmitted Diseases --- HIV Infections --- China --- Prostitution --- Public Policy --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Psychology --- Public Health - General --- Communicable Diseases --- Prevention --- Public health --- HIV (Viruses) infections --- HTLV-III infections --- HTLV-III-LAV infections --- Human T-lymphotropic virus III infections --- Social sciences. --- Public health. --- Health promotion. --- Infectious diseases. --- Sociology. --- Demography. --- Sexual behavior. --- Sexual psychology. --- Social Sciences. --- Public Health. --- Infectious Diseases. --- Sexual Behavior. --- Sociology, general. --- Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. --- Psychology, Sexual --- Sex --- Sexual behavior, Psychology of --- Sexual psychology --- Sensuality --- Historical demography --- Social sciences --- Population --- Vital statistics --- Social theory --- Health promotion programs --- Health promotion services --- Promotion of health --- Wellness programs --- Preventive health services --- Health education --- Community health --- Health services --- Hygiene, Public --- Hygiene, Social --- Public health services --- Public hygiene --- Sanitary affairs --- Social hygiene --- Health --- Human services --- Biosecurity --- Health literacy --- Medicine, Preventive --- National health services --- Sanitation --- Behavioral sciences --- Human sciences --- Sciences, Social --- Social science --- Social studies --- Civilization --- Psychological aspects --- Lentivirus infections --- Sexually transmitted diseases --- Emerging infectious diseases. --- Medicine. --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Emerging infections --- New infectious diseases --- Re-emerging infectious diseases --- Reemerging infectious diseases --- Communicable diseases --- Health Workforce

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We measure individual-level loss aversion using three incentivized, representative surveys of the U.S. population (combined N=3,000). We find that around 50% of the U.S. population is loss tolerant, with many participants accepting negative-expected-value gambles. This is counter to earlier findings--which mostly come from lab/student samples--and expert predictions that 70-90% of participants are loss averse. Consistent with the difference between our study and the prior literature, loss aversion is more prevalent in people with high cognitive ability. Loss-tolerant individuals are more likely to report recent gambling and to have experienced financial shocks. These results support the general hypothesis that individuals value gains and losses differently, although the tendency in a large proportion of the population to emphasize gains over losses is an overlooked behavioral phenomenon.

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Sociology of the family. Sociology of sexuality --- Sociology --- Sexology --- Hygiene. Public health. Protection --- Infectious diseases. Communicable diseases --- HIV infecties --- preventieve gezondheidszorg --- seksueel gedrag --- sociologie --- gezondheidspromotie --- besmettelijke ziekten --- gender --- China