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What makes a biological entity an individual? Jack Wilson shows that past philosophers have failed to explicate the conditions an entity must satisfy to be a living individual. He explores the reason for this failure and explains why we should limit ourselves to examples involving real organisms rather than thought experiments. This book explores and resolves paradoxes that arise when one applies past notions of individuality to biological examples beyond the conventional range and presents an analysis of identity and persistence. The book's main purpose is to bring together two lines of research, theoretical biology and metaphysics, which have dealt with the same subject in isolation from one another. Wilson explains an alternative theory about biological individuality which solves problems which cannot be addressed by either field alone. He presents a more fine-grained vocabulary of individuation based on diverse kinds of living things, allowing him to clarify previously muddled disputes about individuality in biology.
Metaphysics --- Biology --- Individuality. --- Philosophy. --- Biologie --- Individualité --- Philosophie --- Philosophy --- Individuality --- Arts and Humanities --- Individu (métaphysique)
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Humans produce utterances intentionally. Visible bodily action, or gesture, has long been acknowledged as part of the broader activity of speaking, but it is only recently that the role of gesture during utterance production and comprehension has been the focus of investigation. If we are to understand the role of gesture in communication, we must answer the following questions: Do gestures communicate? Do people produce gestures with an intention to communicate? This Element argues that the answer to both these questions is yes. Gestures are (or can be) communicative in all the ways language is. This Element arrives at this conclusion on the basis that communication involves prediction. Communicators predict the behaviours of themselves and others, and such predictions guide the production and comprehension of utterance. This Element uses evidence from experimental and neuroscientific studies to argue that people produce gestures because doing so improves such predictions.
Gesture. --- Nonverbal communication. --- Intention (Logic) --- Pragmatics. --- Inference.
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This collection of papers from educators around the world explores the state-of-the-art in teaching physics. Marking the retirement of Robert Resnick from RPI, a conference was held on teaching physics. This book contains the complete papers from a conference marking the retirement of Robert Resnick from RIP and offers a grand tour of the field.
Physics --- Study and teaching --- Congresses.
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