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Nearly 97% of the human genome is the non-coding DNA, which varies from one species to another, and changes in these sequences are frequently noticed to manifest clinical and circumstantial malfunction. Numerous non-protein-coding genes are recently found to encode microRNAs, which are responsible for RNA-mediated gene silencing through RNA interference (RNAi)-like pathways. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small single-stranded 17–25 nucleotide RNAs capable of interfering with intracellular messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that contain either complete or partial complementarity, are useful for the design of new therapies against cancer polymorphism and viral mutation. Currently over 1000 native miRNA species found in vertebrates and many more new miRNA homologs continue to be identified; however, most of their functions remain to be determined. In this book, many new perspectives of the miRNA research are reviewed and discussed, including their roles in stem cell maintenance, embryonic development, tissue differentiation, adult physiology, disease pathology, cancer research, viral infection, genetic engineering in plants, and utility in cosmetic applications. These new findings may not only provide significant insight into the various mechanisms of miRNAs but also offer a great opportunity in developing new therapeutic interventions.

Gene silencing. --- Small interfering RNA. --- piRNA (Piwi-interacting RNA) --- Piwi-interacting RNA --- Piwi protein-interacting RNA --- rasiRNA (Repeat-associated small interfering RNA) --- Repeat-associated siRNA --- Repeat-associated small interfering RNA --- Scan RNA --- scnRNA (Small scan RNA) --- Short hairpin RNA --- Short interfering RNA --- shRNA (Short hairpin RNA) --- siRNA (Small interfering RNA) --- Small hairpin RNA --- Small scan RNA --- tasiRNA (Trans-acting small interfering RNA) --- Trans-acting siRNA --- Trans-acting small interfering RNA --- Antisense RNA --- Gene inactivation --- Inactivation, Gene --- Silencing, Gene --- Genetic regulation --- Human genetics. --- Biomedical engineering. --- Medicine. --- Neurosciences. --- Biotechnology. --- Human Genetics. --- Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering. --- Biomedicine general. --- Molecular Medicine. --- Chemical engineering --- Genetic engineering --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Clinical engineering --- Medical engineering --- Bioengineering --- Biophysics --- Engineering --- Medicine --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Nervous system --- Genetics --- Heredity, Human --- Physical anthropology --- Health Workforce --- Molecular biology. --- Biomedicine, general. --- Molecular biochemistry --- Molecular biophysics --- Biochemistry --- Biomolecules --- Systems biology

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With the decoding of the human genome and the potential application of its information to gene chips, the ability to generate cDNA libraries for functional assays of specific gene sequences has become critical in gene manipulation and genetic research. In Generation of cDNA Libraries: Methods and Protocols, expert researchers and inventors in the field describe their own proven techniques for generating cDNA/mRNA libraries to identify the functions of specific decoded gene sequences. A wide variety of techniques is presented for enhancing the generation of complete and full-length libraries, and for confirming the quality of the cDNAs generated. Among the applications detailed are electrophoresis, Northern blotting, single-cell microarray analysis, subtractive hybridization, subtractive cloning, gene cloning, and peptide library generation. Each method includes background information, step-by-step instructions, a list of reagents, operational tips, and notes on instrumentation. A background tutorial provides essential information: the definition of a cDNA library, the various types of cDNA libraries, the differences between methods for cDNA library generation using either conventional approaches or novel strategies, and the quality of cDNA libraries. State-of-the-art and highly practical, Generation of cDNA Libraries: Methods and Protocols provides a variety of powerful and readily reproducible techniques for the generation of the entire range of complete, full-length cDNA/mRNA libraries needed in today's forefront genetic research.

Cytology. --- Cell Biology. --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Biology --- Cells --- Cytologists

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It is now known that microRNA (miRNA), once thought to be junk, can suppress the expression of other genes and may be involved in numerous cellular processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell differentiation, and development. In MicroRNA Protocols, expert miRNA researchers explain its basic concepts and introduce the most advanced technologies and techniques for predicting screening, isolating, and assaying it. The authors provide diverse, novel, and useful descriptions of miRNAs in several species-including plants, worms, flies, fish, chicks, mice, and humans-and show how they have been employed to develop miRNA as a potential drug design tool. Highlights include miRNA and their target prediction by computer analysis, functional assays of miRNA in vitro and in vivo, and transgenic animal models using miRNA technologies. Additional chapters cover gene regulation, small RNA function, RNA interference mechanisms, and transgenetics. The protocols follow the successful Methods in Molecular Biology™ series format, each offering step-by-step laboratory instructions, an introduction outlining the principles behind the technique, lists of the necessary equipment and reagents, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Eminently practical and cutting-edge, MicroRNA Protocols affords biomedical researchers readily reproducible techniques to understand and study the molecular pathogenesis of disease and design new therapeutic strategies.

Cytology. --- Cell Biology. --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Biology --- Cells

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Nearly 97% of the human genome is the non-coding DNA, which varies from one species to another, and changes in these sequences are frequently noticed to manifest clinical and circumstantial malfunction. Numerous non-protein-coding genes are recently found to encode microRNAs, which are responsible for RNA-mediated gene silencing through RNA interference (RNAi)-like pathways. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small single-stranded 17-25 nucleotide RNAs capable of interfering with intracellular messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that contain either complete or partial complementarity, are useful for the design of new therapies against cancer polymorphism and viral mutation. Currently over 1000 native miRNA species found in vertebrates and many more new miRNA homologs continue to be identified; however, most of their functions remain to be determined. In this book, many new perspectives of the miRNA research are reviewed and discussed, including their roles in stem cell maintenance, embryonic development, tissue differentiation, adult physiology, disease pathology, cancer research, viral infection, genetic engineering in plants, and utility in cosmetic applications. These new findings may not only provide significant insight into the various mechanisms of miRNAs but also offer a great opportunity in developing new therapeutic interventions.

Molecular biology --- Human biochemistry --- Human genetics --- Neuropathology --- Biotechnology --- medische biochemie --- neurologie --- medische genetica --- biochemie --- genetica --- biotechnologie --- moleculaire biologie