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In 1951, the geneticist Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza was teaching in Parma when a student--a priest named Antonio Moroni--told him about rich church records of demography and marriages between relatives. After convincing the Church to open its records, Cavalli-Sforza, Moroni, and Gianna Zei embarked on a landmark study that would last fifty years and cover all of Italy. This book assembles and analyzes the team's research for the first time. Using blood testing as well as church records, the team investigated the frequency of consanguineous marriages and its use for estimating inbreeding and studying the relations between inbreeding and drift. They tested the importance of random genetic drift by studying population structure through demography of the last three centuries, using it to predict the spatial variation of frequencies of genetic markers. The authors find that drift-related genetic variation, including its stabilization by migration, is best predicted by computer simulation. They also analyze the usefulness and limits of the concept of deme for defining Mendelian populations. The genetic effect of consanguineous marriage on recessive genetic diseases and for the detection of dominance in metric characters are also studied. Ultimately bringing together the many strands of their massive project, Cavalli-Sforza, Moroni, and Zei are able to map genetic drift in all of Italy's approximately 8,000 communes and to demonstrate the relationship between each locality's drift and various ecological and demographic factors. In terms of both methods and findings, their accomplishment is tremendously important for understanding human social structure and the genetic effects of drift and inbreeding.

Consanguinity --- Inbreeding --- Human population genetics --- Human genetics --- Genetic variation in humans --- Variation (Biology) --- Population genetics --- Breeding --- Marriage --- Heredity --- Incest --- Kinship --- Variation. --- Prohibited degrees --- Frieseke, Frederick Carl

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Les études actuelles sur les « noms de famille », loin de se borner au seul terrain de la généalogie, font désormais pleinement partie du domaine de la recherche. Elles permettent de ce fait un décryptage original des conditions tant historiques qu’anthropologiques qui ont déclenché, en divers points de l’Europe, à différents moments, le processus d’identification des personnes : mouvement progressif dans l’Europe au Moyen Âge ; processus qui peut être coercitif, comme lors de l’attribution de patronymes aux esclaves affranchis, et devenu largement réglementaire après la promulgation de lois sur la transmission des noms. Étudiant tour à tour les origines et l’histoire des patronymes, leur distribution géographique et les liens entre marqueurs génétiques et patronymiques, les auteurs réunis dans cet ouvrage – anthropologues, historiens de la famille, démographes, spécialistes de la génétique des populations, sociologues – montrent combien une approche pluridisciplinaire est nécessaire à l’explication du phénomène du patronyme. En effet, l’informatisation récente de divers registres de noms de famille a permis le développement de nouvelles méthodes d’analyse, dérivées de la démographie historique et de la génétique des populations. Elles permettent non seulement de décrire l’évolution, au fil des générations, des cercles de mariage, des règles d’alliance et de la consanguinité, mais aussi de quantifier la direction et l’ampleur des migrations entre populations. Fondé sur des exemples concrets, des provinces baltes à la Sardaigne ou l’Atlas marocain, des Flamands de France aux Français du Québec, cet ouvrage offre un état sans équivalent de la question des origines et de l’évolution du patronyme.

801.313 --- -Persoonsnamen --- 801.313 Persoonsnamen --- -801.313 Persoonsnamen --- Names, Personal --- Persoonsnamen --- Anthroponomy --- Baby names --- Christian names --- Family names --- Forenames --- Names of families --- Names of persons --- Personal names --- Surnames --- Names --- Onomastics --- Noms de personnes --- History --- Social aspects --- Histoire --- Aspect social --- History. --- Social aspects. --- Names, Personal - France. --- Names, Personal - Quebec (Province) --- Names, Personal - Italy. --- migration --- Europe --- population --- démographie historique --- généalogie --- nom de famille --- Patronymes --- Anthroponymie --- Sociologie --- Aspect anthropologique