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Why do political elites in authoritarian regimes, even within the same country, engage in different levels of predatory behavior, whereby some foster vibrant capitalism and others suffocate the innovative private sector? This book proposes a theory of localized property-rights protection under authoritarianism. By combining in-depth fieldwork with archival research and quantitative data analysis, Qi Zhang and Mingxing Liu discuss the post-1949 conflicts between dominant and marginalized factions in the Chinese province of Zhejiang. These conflicts resulted in systemic vulnerabilities among the marginalized local cadres, thus motivating them to form alliances with their grassroots constituents. They therefore provided their constituents with quasi-public goods, such as property-rights protection, to increase their odds of political survival. Zhang and Liu argue that this framework can apply both to the Mao era and to the current reform era, and it also can be extended beyond China to a wider context.

Political culture --- Capitalism --- Elite (Social sciences) --- Decision making --- Deciding --- Decision (Psychology) --- Decision analysis --- Decision processes --- Making decisions --- Management --- Management decisions --- Choice (Psychology) --- Problem solving --- Elites (Social sciences) --- Leadership --- Power (Social sciences) --- Social classes --- Social groups --- Market economy --- Economics --- Profit --- Capital --- Political aspects --- Political activity

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Why do political elites in authoritarian regimes, even within the same country, engage in different levels of predatory behavior, whereby some foster vibrant capitalism and others suffocate the innovative private sector? This book proposes a theory of localized property-rights protection under authoritarianism. By combining in-depth fieldwork with archival research and quantitative data analysis, Qi Zhang and Mingxing Liu discuss the post-1949 conflicts between dominant and marginalized factions in the Chinese province of Zhejiang. These conflicts resulted in systemic vulnerabilities among the marginalized local cadres, thus motivating them to form alliances with their grassroots constituents. They therefore provided their constituents with quasi-public goods, such as property-rights protection, to increase their odds of political survival. Zhang and Liu argue that this framework can apply both to the Mao era and to the current reform era, and it also can be extended beyond China to a wider context.

Political culture --- Capitalism --- Elite (Social sciences) --- Decision making --- Political aspects --- Political activity

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This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 25th China Conference on Information Retrieval, CCIR 2019, held in Fuzhou, China, in September 2019. The 13 full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 45 submissions. Academic research is aimed at the precise acquisition of information and knowledge by human beings. The research results will support national strategic decision-making, promote the development of the Internet and IT fields, enhance the production efficiency of the industry, and have a major impact on various fields of social life.

Information storage and retrieval systems. --- Database management. --- Natural language processing (Computer science). --- Social sciences --- Information Storage and Retrieval. --- Information Systems Applications (incl. Internet). --- Database Management. --- Natural Language Processing (NLP). --- Computer Appl. in Social and Behavioral Sciences. --- Data processing. --- NLP (Computer science) --- Artificial intelligence --- Electronic data processing --- Human-computer interaction --- Semantic computing --- Data base management --- Data services (Database management) --- Database management services --- DBMS (Computer science) --- Generalized data management systems --- Services, Database management --- Systems, Database management --- Systems, Generalized database management --- Automatic data storage --- Automatic information retrieval --- Automation in documentation --- Computer-based information systems --- Data processing systems --- Data storage and retrieval systems --- Discovery systems, Information --- Information discovery systems --- Information processing systems --- Information retrieval systems --- Machine data storage and retrieval --- Mechanized information storage and retrieval systems --- Computer systems --- Electronic information resources --- Data libraries --- Digital libraries --- Information organization --- Information retrieval --- Information retrieval. --- Data retrieval --- Data storage --- Discovery, Information --- Information discovery --- Information storage and retrieval --- Retrieval of information --- Documentation --- Information science --- Information storage and retrieval systems --- Information storage and retrieval. --- Application software. --- Application computer programs --- Application computer software --- Applications software --- Apps (Computer software) --- Computer software --- Data centers --- Social sciences—Data processing. --- Computer and Information Systems Applications. --- Computer Application in Social and Behavioral Sciences.

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Researchers have made great progress in the mechanism of mycotoxins biosynthesis, pathogenicity, and the construction of detection methods. This collection holds fundamental and applied research on pathogenic fungi and mycotoxins in China, which directly or indirectly affect the health of plants, animals, and humans. Some papers mainly study the mechanism of mycotoxin biosynthesis, including the crucial genes, environmental factors, and regulation mechanisms, which is beneficial to advancing our knowledge of this area. Some papers focus on the toxicity of mycotoxins, which is helpful to the detoxification of mycotoxins and the reduction of the hazardous effect of mycotoxins. Special attention is given to the leading detection methods, especially on-site rapid detection. These effective and feasible methods are important for discovering and controlling the risk of mycotoxins.

Mycotoxins. --- Fungal toxins --- Fungal metabolites --- Microbial toxins --- Mycotoxicoses --- Toxigenic fungi