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This book discusses how the physical and chemical properties of disordered systems such as liquids, glasses, alloys, amorphous semiconductors, polymer solutions and magnetic materials can be explained by theories based on a variety of mathematical models, including random assemblies of hard spheres, tetrahedrally-bonded networks and lattices of 'spins'. The text describes these models and the various mathematical theories by which the observable properties are derived. Techniques and concepts such as the mean field and coherent approximations, graphical summation, percolation, scaling and the renormalisation group are explained and applied. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in theoretical and experimental physics.

Mechanical properties of solids --- Order-disorder models --- Modèles ordre-désordre --- 536 --- Disorder models --- Models, Order-disorder --- Matter --- Heat. Thermodynamics --- Order-disorder models. --- 536 Heat. Thermodynamics --- Modèles ordre-désordre --- Ordre et désordre (physique)

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After expanding steadily for centuries, science is reaching its limits to growth. We can no longer afford the ever increasing cost of exploring ever wider research opportunities. In the competition for resources, science is becoming much more tightly organised. A radical, pervasive and permanent structural change is taking place. It already affects the whole research system, from everyday laboratory life to national budgets. The scientific enterprise cannot avoid fundamental change, but excessive managerial insistence on accountability, evaluation, 'priority setting', etc. can be very inhospitable to expertise, innovation, criticism and creativity. Can the research system be reshaped without losing many features that have made science so productive? This trenchant analysis of a deep-rooted historical process does not assume any technical knowledge of the natural sciences, their history, philosophy, sociology or politics. It is addressed to everybody who is concerned about the future of science and its place in society.

Research --- -Science --- -Science and state --- Science --- Science policy --- State and science --- State, The --- Natural science --- Science of science --- Sciences --- Science research --- Scientific research --- Information services --- Learning and scholarship --- Methodology --- Research teams --- Management --- Social aspects --- Government policy --- Science and state. --- Management. --- Social aspects. --- Science and state --- Science and society --- Sociology of science --- Research management

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Scientists and 'anti-scientists' alike need a more realistic image of science. The traditional mode of research, academic science, is not just a 'method': it is a distinctive culture, whose members win esteem and employment by making public their findings. Fierce competition for credibility is strictly regulated by established practices such as peer review. Highly specialized international communities of independent experts form spontaneously and generate the type of knowledge we call 'scientific' - systematic, theoretical, empirically-tested, quantitative, and so on. Ziman shows that these familiar 'philosophical' features of scientific knowledge are inseparable from the ordinary cognitive capabilities and peculiar social relationships of its producers. This wide-angled close-up of the natural and human sciences recognizes their unique value, whilst revealing the limits of their rationality, reliability, and universal applicability. It also shows how, for better or worse, the new 'post-academic' research culture of teamwork, accountability, etc. is changing these supposedly eternal philosophical characteristics.

Sociology of knowledge --- Philosophy of science --- Science --- 001 --- Normal science --- Scientific method --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- 001 Wetenschap en kennis--(algemeen) --- Wetenschap en kennis--(algemeen) --- Methodology --- Philosophy --- Philosophy. --- Methodology. --- Hulpwetenschappen --- filosofie. --- Sciences --- Philosophie --- Méthodologie --- Filosofie. --- Science - Philosophy. --- Science - Methodology.

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ELECTRONS --- PHONONS --- TRANSPORT THEORY

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