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During and especially after World War I, the millions of black-clad widows on the streets of Europe’s cities were a constant reminder that war caused carnage on a vast scale. But widows were far more than just a reminder of the war’s fallen soldiers; they were literal and figurative actresses in how nations crafted their identities in the interwar era. In this extremely original study, Erika Kuhlman compares the ways in which German and American widows experienced their postwar status, and how that played into the cultures of mourning in their two nations: one defeated, the other victorious. Each nation used widows and war dead as symbols to either uphold their victory or disengage from their defeat, but Kuhlman, parsing both German and U.S. primary sources, compares widows’ lived experiences to public memory. For some widows, government compensation in the form of military-style awards sufficed. For others, their own deprivations, combined with those suffered by widows living in other nations, became the touchstone of a transnational awareness of the absurdity of war and the need to prevent it.

Transnationalism --- Nationalism --- World War, 1914-1918 --- War widows --- Trans-nationalism --- Transnational migration --- International relations --- Military spouses --- Widows --- European War, 1914-1918 --- First World War, 1914-1918 --- Great War, 1914-1918 --- World War 1, 1914-1918 --- World War I, 1914-1918 --- World War One, 1914-1918 --- WW I (World War, 1914-1918) --- WWI (World War, 1914-1918) --- History, Modern --- History --- Social aspects --- Government policy --- Women. --- Germany --- United States --- Social conditions --- טרנס-לאומיות --- לאומיות --- القوميّة --- מלחמת העולם, 1914-1918 --- الحرب العالميّة الأولى، 1914-1918 --- אלמנות מלחמה --- היסטוריה --- التاريخ --- היבטים חברתיים --- جوانب اجتماعيّة --- מדיניות ממשלתית --- נשים --- النساء --- גרמניה --- ألمانيا --- ארצות הברית --- الولايات المتّحدة --- מצב חברתי --- الأحوال الاجتماعية --- القومية --- الحرب العالمية الأولى، 1914-1918 --- جوانب اجتماعية --- الولايات المتحدة

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The 'racial state' has become a familiar shorthand for the Third Reich, encapsulating its raison d'être, ambitions, and the underlying logic of its genocidal violence. The Nazi racial state's agenda is generally understood as a fundamental reshaping of society based on a new hierarchy of racial value. However, this volume argues that it is time to reappraise what race really meant under Nazism, and to question and complicate its relationship to the Nazis' agenda, actions, and appeal. Based on a wealth of new research, the contributors show that racial knowledge and racial discourse in Nazi Germany were far more contradictory and disparate than we have come to assume. They shed new light on the ways that racial policy worked and was understood, and consider race's function, content, and power in relation to society and nation, and above all, in relation to the extraordinary violence unleashed by the Nazis.

Racism --- Ethnicity --- Antisemitism --- Group identity --- Minorities --- Women --- National socialism and science --- Science and national socialism --- Science --- Human females --- Wimmin --- Woman --- Womon --- Womyn --- Females --- Human beings --- Femininity --- Ethnic minorities --- Foreign population --- Minority groups --- Persons --- Assimilation (Sociology) --- Discrimination --- Ethnic relations --- Majorities --- Plebiscite --- Race relations --- Segregation --- Collective identity --- Community identity --- Cultural identity --- Social identity --- Identity (Psychology) --- Social psychology --- Collective memory --- Anti-Jewish attitudes --- Anti-Semitism --- Prejudices --- Philosemitism --- Ethnic identity --- Cultural fusion --- Multiculturalism --- Cultural pluralism --- Bias, Racial --- Race bias --- Race prejudice --- Racial bias --- Anti-racism --- Critical race theory --- Political aspects --- History --- Government policy --- Germany --- Alemania --- Ashkenaz --- BRD --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh German Uls --- Bundesrepublik Deutschland --- Deutsches Reich --- Deutschland --- Doitsu --- Doitsu Renpō Kyōwakoku --- Federal Republic of Germany --- Federalʹna Respublika Nimechchyny --- FRN --- German Uls --- Germania --- Germanii︠a︡ --- Germanyah --- Gjermani --- Grossdeutsches Reich --- Jirmānīya --- KhBNGU --- Kholboony Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh German Uls --- Nimechchyna --- Repoblika Federalin'i Alemana --- República de Alemania --- República Federal de Alemania --- Republika Federal Alemmana --- Vācijā --- Veĭmarskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Weimar Republic --- Weimarer Republik --- ХБНГУ --- Германия --- جرمانيا --- ドイツ --- ドイツ連邦共和国 --- ドイツ レンポウ キョウワコク --- Germany (East) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : British Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : French Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : Russian Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : U.S. Zone) --- Germany (West) --- Holy Roman Empire --- Politics and government --- Social policy --- Deguo --- 德国 --- Gėrman --- Герман Улс --- נאציזם ומדע --- נשים --- النساء --- מיעוטים --- الأقليات --- זהות קבוצתית --- אנטישמיות --- اللاسامية --- אתניות --- גזענות --- العنصرية --- מדיניות ממשלתית --- היסטוריה --- سياسة حكومية --- التاريخ --- היבטים פוליטיים --- أبعاد سياسية --- גרמניה --- ألمانيا --- מדיניות חברתית --- السياسات الاجتماعية --- פוליטיקה וממשל --- السياسة والحكم --- יחסים בין גזעיים --- العلاقات بين الأعراق