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Why was there such a far-reaching consensus concerning the utopian goal of national homogeneity in the first half of the twentieth century? Ethnic cleansing is analyzed here as a result of the formation of democratic nation-states, the international order based on them, and European modernity in general. Almost all mass-scale population removals were rationally and precisely organized and carried out in cold blood, with revenge, hatred and other strong emotions playing only a minor role. This book not only considers the majority of population removals which occurred in Eastern Europe, but i

Genocide --- Nationalism --- Cleansing, Ethnic --- Ethnic cleansing --- Ethnic purification --- Ethnocide --- Purification, Ethnic --- Crime --- History --- Europe --- Council of Europe countries --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Eurasia --- Ethnic relations --- Politics and government --- History, Military --- Génocide --- Nationalisme --- Histoire --- Relations interethniques --- Politique et gouvernement --- Histoire militaire --- לאומיות --- القوميّة --- השמדת עם --- היסטוריה --- التاريخ --- אירופה --- أوروبّا --- יחסים אתניים --- العلاقات الأثنية --- היסטוריה צבאית --- التاريخ العسكري --- פוליטיקה וממשל --- السياسة والحكم --- 1900-1999 --- أوروبا --- القومية --- Politics and goverment

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During and especially after World War I, the millions of black-clad widows on the streets of Europe’s cities were a constant reminder that war caused carnage on a vast scale. But widows were far more than just a reminder of the war’s fallen soldiers; they were literal and figurative actresses in how nations crafted their identities in the interwar era. In this extremely original study, Erika Kuhlman compares the ways in which German and American widows experienced their postwar status, and how that played into the cultures of mourning in their two nations: one defeated, the other victorious. Each nation used widows and war dead as symbols to either uphold their victory or disengage from their defeat, but Kuhlman, parsing both German and U.S. primary sources, compares widows’ lived experiences to public memory. For some widows, government compensation in the form of military-style awards sufficed. For others, their own deprivations, combined with those suffered by widows living in other nations, became the touchstone of a transnational awareness of the absurdity of war and the need to prevent it.

Transnationalism --- Nationalism --- World War, 1914-1918 --- War widows --- Trans-nationalism --- Transnational migration --- International relations --- Military spouses --- Widows --- European War, 1914-1918 --- First World War, 1914-1918 --- Great War, 1914-1918 --- World War 1, 1914-1918 --- World War I, 1914-1918 --- World War One, 1914-1918 --- WW I (World War, 1914-1918) --- WWI (World War, 1914-1918) --- History, Modern --- History --- Social aspects --- Government policy --- Women. --- Germany --- United States --- Social conditions --- טרנס-לאומיות --- לאומיות --- القوميّة --- מלחמת העולם, 1914-1918 --- الحرب العالميّة الأولى، 1914-1918 --- אלמנות מלחמה --- היסטוריה --- التاريخ --- היבטים חברתיים --- جوانب اجتماعيّة --- מדיניות ממשלתית --- נשים --- النساء --- גרמניה --- ألمانيا --- ארצות הברית --- الولايات المتّحدة --- מצב חברתי --- الأحوال الاجتماعية --- القومية --- الحرب العالمية الأولى، 1914-1918 --- جوانب اجتماعية --- الولايات المتحدة