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This volume is an outcome of the FWF project P14853 "Ethnographie - Gender-Perspektive - Antikerezeption". The research project intended to connect ancient ethnography, gender studies and the running methodological debate. For this purpose the collaborators to the project organised two workshops. The volume contains the revised papers held at the first workshop Frauenbild und Geschlechterrollen bei antiken Autoren der römischen Kaiserzeit at the University of Innsbruck, 5.-8. 3. 2003. According to the goal of this workshop the papers connect the theoretical debates of postmodernism und feminism with the daily work of historians or philologists. Each paper touches , in some way or other, the premise underlying the mentioned project that an author's profile can be uncovered by comparing his text with other texts synchronically and diachronically. Most of the papers deal with the Roman imperial period. As a whole they cover the time span from the 5th century BCE to the 6th century CE. But they are not arranged chronologically but systematically. First comes a methodological introduction (C. Ulf and K. Schnegg) connected with a description of the papers. The first section then contains five articles pointing at the 'basis and kind of text and its lecture' (Grundlagen und Formen der Texte und der Textlektüre). The authors deal with Augustine, archaeological remains, and modern movies as well. Seven articles focusing on the topic 'historical realities within texts' (Historische Realität(en) im Text) build up the second section. They deal with the attic democray, Augustean propaganda, and authors from Cornelius Nepus to Synesios of Cyrene. In the last section 'text levels and pictures of sexes' (Textebenen und Bilder der Geschlechter) the reader finds articles concerning some aspects of ancient ethnography and the gender perspective of authors from Tacitus to Ennodius. The volume offers, in a broad chronological spectrum, varied perspectives on and ways of dealing with texts by separating consciously the search for historical realities form the interpretation of texts. Der Band steht in Verbindung mit dem FWF Projekt P14853 "Ethnographie - Gender-Perspektive - Antikerezeption". Sein Ziel ist es, antike Ethnographie, die Gender-Perspektive und die aktuelle methodologische Diskussion miteinander in Verbindung zu bringen. Zu diesem Zweck wurde, getragen von den Mitarbeiterinnen an dem genannten FWF Projekt, vom 5.-8. 3. 2003 an der Universität Innsbruck ein Workshop mit dem Titel Frauenbild und Geschlechterrollen bei antiken Autoren der römischen Kaiserzeit veranstaltet, bei dem mehrere Fragestellungen behandelt wurden. Die Hauptintention der Workshops bestand darin, die theoretische Methoden-Diskussion der "Postmoderne", aber auch die mit dieser Diskussion eng verknüpfte theoretische Diskussion des Feminismus in direkte Verbindung mit der Praxis der täglichen Forschungsarbeit zu bringen. Weil es eine der das Projekt leitenden Thesen ist, daß die Eigenständigkeit eines Autor bzw. seines Textes durch den synchronen und diachronen Vergleich eruierbar und nicht bloß als Teil eines ‚Diskurses' wahrzunehmen ist, wurden derartige Studien von den Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmern erwartet. Der vorliegende Band bietet die auf der Basis der und der anschließenden Diskussionen formulierten Beiträge. Der chronologische Schwerpunkt liegt vor allem auf der römischen Kaiserzeit. Im ganzen erfassen die Beiträge jedoch einen Zeitraum vom 5. Jh. v. Chr. bis ins 6. Jh. Das so chronologisch erfasste Spektrum wird in einer systematischen Gliederung dargeboten. Auf eine methodologisch orientierte Einleitung (C. Ulf, K. Schnegg) folgt ein erster Abschnitt, in dem sich 5 Beiträge mit den Grundlagen und Formen der Texte und der Textlektüre befassen. Die gewählten Beispiele reichen von Augustinus über die archäologische Beispiele bis zum modernen Film. Im zweiten Abschnitt steht die Frage Historische Realität(en) im Text im Mittelpunkt der 7 Artikel. Attische Demokratie, die augusteische Progaganda und Autoren von Cornelius Nepos bis zu Synesios von Kyrene werden behandelt. Im dritten und letzten Abschnitt Textebenen und Bilder der Geschlechter kommt der ethnographische Aspekt ebenso zur Sprache wie die Perspektive einzelner Autoren von Tacitus bis zu Ennodius. Der Band benennt verschiedene Betrachtungsweisen und Zugangsmöglichkeiten zu den Texten, indem der als legitim hervorgehobene Blick auf die historischen Realitäten von jenem auf die Textebenen und die damit verknüpften Vorstellungen der Autoren bzw. der Texte bewußt separiert wird.

Women --- Sex role --- Women in literature --- History --- Gender identity --- Identité sexuelle --- Femmes --- History. --- Histoire --- Society & social sciences --- Woman (Christian theology) in literature --- Women in drama --- Women in poetry --- Gender role --- Sex (Psychology) --- Sex differences (Psychology) --- Social role --- Gender expression --- Sexism --- Human females --- Wimmin --- Woman --- Womon --- Womyn --- Females --- Human beings --- Femininity --- נשים בספרות --- النساء في الأدب --- תפקידי המינים --- נשים --- النساء --- היסטוריה --- التاريخ

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Women in politics --- Women --- History. --- History --- Political activity --- Great Britain --- Politics and government --- Human females --- Wimmin --- Woman --- Womon --- Womyn --- Females --- Human beings --- Femininity --- Political activity&delete& --- נשים --- النساء --- היסטוריה --- פעילות פוליטית --- نشاط سياسيّ --- בריטניה --- بريطانيا العظمى --- פוליטיקה וממשל --- السياسة والحكم --- نشاط سياسي

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During and especially after World War I, the millions of black-clad widows on the streets of Europe’s cities were a constant reminder that war caused carnage on a vast scale. But widows were far more than just a reminder of the war’s fallen soldiers; they were literal and figurative actresses in how nations crafted their identities in the interwar era. In this extremely original study, Erika Kuhlman compares the ways in which German and American widows experienced their postwar status, and how that played into the cultures of mourning in their two nations: one defeated, the other victorious. Each nation used widows and war dead as symbols to either uphold their victory or disengage from their defeat, but Kuhlman, parsing both German and U.S. primary sources, compares widows’ lived experiences to public memory. For some widows, government compensation in the form of military-style awards sufficed. For others, their own deprivations, combined with those suffered by widows living in other nations, became the touchstone of a transnational awareness of the absurdity of war and the need to prevent it.

Transnationalism --- Nationalism --- World War, 1914-1918 --- War widows --- Trans-nationalism --- Transnational migration --- International relations --- Military spouses --- Widows --- European War, 1914-1918 --- First World War, 1914-1918 --- Great War, 1914-1918 --- World War 1, 1914-1918 --- World War I, 1914-1918 --- World War One, 1914-1918 --- WW I (World War, 1914-1918) --- WWI (World War, 1914-1918) --- History, Modern --- History --- Social aspects --- Government policy --- Women. --- Germany --- United States --- Social conditions --- טרנס-לאומיות --- לאומיות --- القوميّة --- מלחמת העולם, 1914-1918 --- الحرب العالميّة الأولى، 1914-1918 --- אלמנות מלחמה --- היסטוריה --- التاريخ --- היבטים חברתיים --- جوانب اجتماعيّة --- מדיניות ממשלתית --- נשים --- النساء --- גרמניה --- ألمانيا --- ארצות הברית --- الولايات المتّحدة --- מצב חברתי --- الأحوال الاجتماعية --- القومية --- الحرب العالمية الأولى، 1914-1918 --- جوانب اجتماعية --- الولايات المتحدة

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The 'racial state' has become a familiar shorthand for the Third Reich, encapsulating its raison d'être, ambitions, and the underlying logic of its genocidal violence. The Nazi racial state's agenda is generally understood as a fundamental reshaping of society based on a new hierarchy of racial value. However, this volume argues that it is time to reappraise what race really meant under Nazism, and to question and complicate its relationship to the Nazis' agenda, actions, and appeal. Based on a wealth of new research, the contributors show that racial knowledge and racial discourse in Nazi Germany were far more contradictory and disparate than we have come to assume. They shed new light on the ways that racial policy worked and was understood, and consider race's function, content, and power in relation to society and nation, and above all, in relation to the extraordinary violence unleashed by the Nazis.

Racism --- Ethnicity --- Antisemitism --- Group identity --- Minorities --- Women --- National socialism and science --- Science and national socialism --- Science --- Human females --- Wimmin --- Woman --- Womon --- Womyn --- Females --- Human beings --- Femininity --- Ethnic minorities --- Foreign population --- Minority groups --- Persons --- Assimilation (Sociology) --- Discrimination --- Ethnic relations --- Majorities --- Plebiscite --- Race relations --- Segregation --- Collective identity --- Community identity --- Cultural identity --- Social identity --- Identity (Psychology) --- Social psychology --- Collective memory --- Anti-Jewish attitudes --- Anti-Semitism --- Prejudices --- Philosemitism --- Ethnic identity --- Cultural fusion --- Multiculturalism --- Cultural pluralism --- Bias, Racial --- Race bias --- Race prejudice --- Racial bias --- Anti-racism --- Critical race theory --- Political aspects --- History --- Government policy --- Germany --- Alemania --- Ashkenaz --- BRD --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh German Uls --- Bundesrepublik Deutschland --- Deutsches Reich --- Deutschland --- Doitsu --- Doitsu Renpō Kyōwakoku --- Federal Republic of Germany --- Federalʹna Respublika Nimechchyny --- FRN --- German Uls --- Germania --- Germanii︠a︡ --- Germanyah --- Gjermani --- Grossdeutsches Reich --- Jirmānīya --- KhBNGU --- Kholboony Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh German Uls --- Nimechchyna --- Repoblika Federalin'i Alemana --- República de Alemania --- República Federal de Alemania --- Republika Federal Alemmana --- Vācijā --- Veĭmarskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Weimar Republic --- Weimarer Republik --- ХБНГУ --- Германия --- جرمانيا --- ドイツ --- ドイツ連邦共和国 --- ドイツ レンポウ キョウワコク --- Germany (East) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : British Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : French Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : Russian Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : U.S. Zone) --- Germany (West) --- Holy Roman Empire --- Politics and government --- Social policy --- Deguo --- 德国 --- Gėrman --- Герман Улс --- נאציזם ומדע --- נשים --- النساء --- מיעוטים --- الأقليات --- זהות קבוצתית --- אנטישמיות --- اللاسامية --- אתניות --- גזענות --- العنصرية --- מדיניות ממשלתית --- היסטוריה --- سياسة حكومية --- التاريخ --- היבטים פוליטיים --- أبعاد سياسية --- גרמניה --- ألمانيا --- מדיניות חברתית --- السياسات الاجتماعية --- פוליטיקה וממשל --- السياسة والحكم --- יחסים בין גזעיים --- العلاقات بين الأعراق