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The current paper presents a method of deciding the question of whether any given stage in the budget process is an example of the "political" or the "bureaucratic" model. We then use it to study local government spending on education. The basis for our method is the important difference between the effect of intergovernmental aid that is implied by the political budget model and by the bureaucratic budget model. According to the bureaucratic model, the effect of inter-governmental aid on each category of educational input (e.g., teachers' salaries, books, etc.) depends only on the change in total educational spending induced by the aid and not on the type of aid that causes the change in spending. In contrast, the political budget model implies that the overall expenditure increase is the result of separate decisions on each of the expenditure categories and that the changes in these expenditure categories will depend on the form of the intergovernmental aid. Our method of exploiting this difference is presented in detail below.

School budgets. --- Local budgets.

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What is the cost of educating a child? Where is that money spent? Do most of the dollars go to the classroom or is an inordinate amount "wasted" on administration--as some critics claim? This study used data from California to begin addressing these key questions of the education reform debate. The authors detail the educational expenditures made by the California Department of Education, the county offices of education, the district offices of education, and the schools themselves in support of K-12 education in California for the 1992-93 school year. A major finding is that, on average across the state, 62 percent of school district general-fund spending goes to the classroom. In contrast, district operations account for 8 percent of school district general-fund spending, which amounts to 6 percent of K-12 spending. Besides the average expenditure patterns of all school districts in California, the study also looked at differences in these expenditure patterns for different types of school districts for special-needs populations.

Education --- School budgets --- Finance.

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School budgets. --- Budgets, School --- Schools --- Accounting

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School budgets. --- School-based management --- Finance.

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Secure the resources needed to support educator professional growth! Learning Forward is a leader in understanding and advancing professional learning that leads to student success. This series explores Learning Forward's seven Standards for Professional Learning, which outline the characteristics of effective professional learning that, collectively, advance teaching and learning. In this volume, you will learn creative strategies for prioritizing, monitoring, and coordinating the resources required for educator learning and student success. This book includes:. An original essay by Karen Hawley Miles and Anna Sommers on how school systems can reconfigure people, time, technology, and money to improve and sustain educator growth. Implementation strategies, practical tools, and specific examples for maximizing resources--especially time--for teacher learning. A case study of how Dearborn Public Schools, Michigan, shifted existing ...

Teachers --- Professional learning communities --- School budgets --- In-service training --- Finance.