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Mycotoxins --- -Trichothecenes --- -Epoxytrichothecenes --- Scirpenes --- Trichothecene epoxides --- Epoxy compounds --- Terpenes --- Fungal toxins --- Fungal metabolites --- Microbial toxins --- Mycotoxicoses --- Toxigenic fungi --- Congresses --- Trichothecenes --- Congresses. --- Epoxytrichothecenes

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Health and safety of food and feed are the most important criteria for their quality. The quality of feed is in turn important for animal health, the environment and for the safety of food from animal origin. Fungi belonging to the Fusarium genus are widespread in crops causing plant diseases and producing toxic metabolites. Fusarium species can colonize plants during their growth on the field and cause serious damage in terms of yield and quality of harvested grains. One of the most important fungal diseases of wheat and other cereals in the world is Fusarium head blight caused by the fungal pathogens Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum and others. In addition, these fungi produce mycotoxins, contaminating food and feed. The most important Fusarium mycotoxins include trichothecenes, zearalenone and fumonisins, primarily because of their prevalence, but also because of the toxic effect to humans and animals. However, these fungi produce also other mycotoxins such as moniliformin, beauvericin, enniantin or fusarins. Food and feed can be contaminated with mycotoxins at various stages in the production chain resulting in serious problems with health, safety and economic losses. It is estimated that 25% of the crop in the world each year are contaminated with these metabolites, the problem affects both industrialized countries and developing countries. The aim of this Research Topic of Frontiers in Microbiology is to publish state of the art research about occurrence and genomics of Fusarium species and their mycotoxins in the whole food and feed chain starting from the crops as well as implications for health and economic aspects. This research topic highlights the current knowledge on the plant diseases caused by Fusarium fungi as well as all aspects of Fusarium mycotoxin contamination of crops, food and feed, taking into account decontamination methods.

food contamination --- decontamination --- zearalenone --- disease resistance --- mycotoxins --- fumonisins --- Fusarium --- cereals --- trichothecenes --- breeding

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Health and safety of food and feed are the most important criteria for their quality. The quality of feed is in turn important for animal health, the environment and for the safety of food from animal origin. Fungi belonging to the Fusarium genus are widespread in crops causing plant diseases and producing toxic metabolites. Fusarium species can colonize plants during their growth on the field and cause serious damage in terms of yield and quality of harvested grains. One of the most important fungal diseases of wheat and other cereals in the world is Fusarium head blight caused by the fungal pathogens Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum and others. In addition, these fungi produce mycotoxins, contaminating food and feed. The most important Fusarium mycotoxins include trichothecenes, zearalenone and fumonisins, primarily because of their prevalence, but also because of the toxic effect to humans and animals. However, these fungi produce also other mycotoxins such as moniliformin, beauvericin, enniantin or fusarins. Food and feed can be contaminated with mycotoxins at various stages in the production chain resulting in serious problems with health, safety and economic losses. It is estimated that 25% of the crop in the world each year are contaminated with these metabolites, the problem affects both industrialized countries and developing countries. The aim of this Research Topic of Frontiers in Microbiology is to publish state of the art research about occurrence and genomics of Fusarium species and their mycotoxins in the whole food and feed chain starting from the crops as well as implications for health and economic aspects. This research topic highlights the current knowledge on the plant diseases caused by Fusarium fungi as well as all aspects of Fusarium mycotoxin contamination of crops, food and feed, taking into account decontamination methods.

food contamination --- decontamination --- zearalenone --- disease resistance --- mycotoxins --- fumonisins --- Fusarium --- cereals --- trichothecenes --- breeding

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Fifty-sixth Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Committee on Food Additives. This report presents the conclusions os a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee converned to assess the risks associated with the consumption of food contaminated with specific mycotoxins. The first part of the report contains a general discussion of the principles for evaluating mycotoxins in food, including those concerning analytical methods, sampling, data on food consumption and dietary intake, and prevention and control. The second part provides a summary of the Committee's evaluations of toxicological data on specific mycotoxins, including aflatoxin M1, fumonisins B1, B2 and B3, ochratoxin A, deoxynivaleno 1, and T-2 and HT-2 toxins.

Mycotoxins. --- Mycotoxicoses. --- Aflatoxins --- Carboxylic acids --- Ochratoxins --- Trichothecenes --- Food contamination. --- Risk assessment. --- Toxicology. --- Fungi --- Mycotoxins --- Toxigenic fungi --- Fungal toxins --- Analysis, Risk --- Assessment, Risk --- Risk analysis --- Risk evaluation --- Contaminated food --- Food --- Foods, Contaminated --- Epoxytrichothecenes --- Scirpenes --- Trichothecene epoxides --- Toxicology --- Contamination --- Organic acids --- Mycoses --- Poisoning --- Fungal metabolites --- Microbial toxins --- Mycotoxicoses --- Evaluation --- Contamination (Technology) --- Food adulteration and inspection --- Epoxy compounds --- Terpenes

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Crop contamination by mycotoxins is a global problem that poses significant economic burdens due to a number of factors, including the food/feed losses that are caused by reduced production rates; the resulting adverse effects on human and animal health and productivity; and the trade losses associated with the costs incurred by inspection, sampling, and analysis before and after shipments. In this scenario, the development of fit-for-purpose analytical methods for regulated and (re)-emerging mycotoxins continues to be a dynamic research area. Some of the current trends in this research area are presented in this book. The collected contributions address either the need for improved methods for mycotoxin detection addressed by new or incoming regulation (ergot alkaloids and Alternaria toxins) as well as methods for the detection of multiple mycotoxins. New approaches to enhance the performance of well-established methodologies, such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and fluorescence polarization immunoassays (FPIA), are also addressed.

Research & information: general --- Chemistry --- Analytical chemistry --- FPIA --- mycotoxin --- OTA --- detection methods --- food safety --- monoclonal antibody (mAb) --- tracer --- HPLC --- trichothecenes --- zearalenone --- Fusarium toxins --- wheat --- liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry --- official control --- collaborative study --- ergot alkaloids --- sum parameter method --- hydrazinolysis --- esterification --- swine feed --- dairy feed --- UHPLC-MS/MS --- aflatoxin B1 --- recombinant AflR gene --- VICAM --- I-ELISA --- peanut --- wheat flour --- milk powder --- LC-MS/MS method --- cereal products --- occurrence --- alternariol --- antibody --- ELISA --- hapten design --- immunoassay --- linker site --- n/a --- liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry