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Some years ago, David Freedberg opened a dusty cupboard at Windsor Castle and discovered hundreds of vividly colored, masterfully precise drawings of all sorts of plants and animals from the Old and New Worlds. Coming upon thousands more drawings like them across Europe, Freedberg finally traced them all back to a little-known scientific organization from seventeenth-century Italy called the Academy of Linceans (or Lynxes). Founded by Prince Federico Cesi in 1603, the Linceans took as their task nothing less than the documentation and classification of all of nature in pictorial form. In this first book-length study of the Linceans to appear in English, Freedberg focuses especially on their unprecedented use of drawings based on microscopic observation and other new techniques of visualization. Where previous thinkers had classified objects based mainly on similarities of external appearance, the Linceans instead turned increasingly to sectioning, dissection, and observation of internal structures. They applied their new research techniques to an incredible variety of subjects, from the objects in the heavens studied by their most famous (and infamous) member Galileo Galilei-whom they supported at the most critical moments of his career-to the flora and fauna of Mexico, bees, fossils, and the reproduction of plants and fungi. But by demonstrating the inadequacy of surface structures for ordering the world, the Linceans unwittingly planted the seeds for the demise of their own favorite method-visual description-as a mode of scientific classification. Profusely illustrated and engagingly written, Eye of the Lynx uncovers a crucial episode in the development of visual representation and natural history. And perhaps as important, it offers readers a dazzling array of early modern drawings, from magnificently depicted birds and flowers to frogs in amber, monstrously misshapen citrus fruits, and more.

Science --- History. --- Accademia nazionale dei Lincei --- galileo, philosopher, philosophical, astronomy, astronomer, natural, nature, history, historical, academic, scholarly, research, colleagues, drawings, artistic, illustrations, science, scientific, europe, italy, academy, 1600s, pictorial, microscopic, observation, detail, flora, fauna, bees, plants, reproduction, interdisciplinary, pictures.

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The first general history of Korea as seen through maps, Korea: A Cartographic History provides a beautifully illustrated introduction to how Korea was and is represented cartographically. John Rennie Short, one of today's most prolific and well-respected geographers, encapsulates six hundred years of maps made by Koreans and non-Koreans alike. Largely chronological in its organization, Korea begins by examining the differing cartographic traditions prevalent in the early Joseon period in Korea-roughly 1400 to 1600-and its temporal equivalent in early modern Europe. As one of the longest continuous dynasties, Joseon rule encompassed an enormous range and depth of cartographic production. Short then surveys the cartographic encounters from 1600 to 1900, distinguishing between the early and late Joseon periods and highlighting the influences of China, Japan, and the rest of the world on Korean cartography. In his final section, Short covers the period from Japanese colonial control of Korea to the present day and demonstrates how some of the tumultuous events of the past hundred years are recorded and contested in maps. He also explores recent cartographic controversies, including the naming of the East Sea/Sea of Japan and claims of ownership of the island of Dokdo. A common theme running throughout Short's study is how the global flow of knowledge and ideas affects mapmaking, and Short reveals how Korean mapmakers throughout history have embodied, reflected, and even contested these foreign depictions of their homeland.

Cartography --- Cartography, Primitive --- Chartography --- Map-making --- Mapmaking --- Mapping (Cartography) --- Mathematical geography --- Surveying --- Map projection --- Maps --- History. --- asia, asian, east, eastern, cartography, maps, map making, mapmaker, history, historical, academic, scholarly, research, public policy, illustrated, introduction, geography, geographical, topography, chronological, cartographic, period, joseon, 1400s, 1500s, 1600s, 1700s, 1800s, 1900s, controversy, sea, japan, dokdo, modern, contemporary, colonial, country.

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At one time in Europe, there was a point to pain: physical suffering could be a path to redemption. This religious notion suggested that truth was lodged in the body and could be achieved through torture. In Tortured Subjects, Lisa Silverman tells the haunting story of how this idea became a fixed part of the French legal system during the early modern period. Looking closely at the theory and practice of judicial torture in France from 1600 to 1788, the year in which it was formally abolished, Silverman revisits dossiers compiled in criminal cases, including transcripts of interrogations conducted under torture, as well as the writings of physicians and surgeons concerned with the problem of pain, records of religious confraternities, diaries and letters of witnesses to public executions, and the writings of torture's abolitionists and apologists. She contends that torture was at the center of an epistemological crisis that forced French jurists and intellectuals to reconsider the relationship between coercion and sincerity, or between free will and evidence. As the philosophical consensus on which torture rested broke down, and definitions of truth and pain shifted, so too did the foundation of torture, until by the eighteenth century, it became an indefensible practice.

Torture --- Criminal justice, Administration of --- History. --- early modern, time period, era, france, french, europe, european, body, history, historical, academic, scholarly, research, suffering, pain, physical, redemption, religion, trauma, theory, theoretical, true story, torture, 1600s, 1700s, 18th century, illegal, crime, criminal, transcript, interrogation, physician, surgeon, witness, execution, apologist, abolitionist, activist.

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While much has been written on the ramifications of Newton's dynamics, until now the details of Newton's solution were available only to the physics expert. The Key to Newton's Dynamics clearly explains the surprisingly simple analytical structure that underlies the determination of the force necessary to maintain ideal planetary motion. J. Bruce Brackenridge sets the problem in historical and conceptual perspective, showing the physicist's debt to the works of both Descartes and Galileo. He tracks Newton's work on the Kepler problem from its early stages at Cambridge before 1669, through the revival of his interest ten years later, to its fruition in the first three sections of the first edition of the Principia.

Kepler's laws. --- Celestial mechanics. --- Gravitational astronomy --- Mechanics, Celestial --- Kepler laws --- Kepler's laws of planetary motion --- Planetary motion, Kepler's laws of --- Astrophysics --- Mechanics --- Planetary theory --- Planets --- Orbits --- Celestial mechanics --- Kepler's laws --- Astronomy --- Newton, Isaac --- 1600s. --- academic. --- analysis. --- biographical. --- cambridge. --- centrifugal force. --- conservation of motion. --- cultural context. --- curvature. --- descartes. --- famous person. --- famous scientist. --- galileo. --- historical. --- history buff. --- kepler problem. --- laws of motion. --- mathematics. --- newton. --- newtons dynamics. --- outer space. --- physics. --- planetary motion. --- planets. --- principia. --- scholarly. --- scientific. --- scientist. --- true story.

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The first Jewish woman to leave her mark as a writer and intellectual, Sarra Copia Sulam (1600?-41) was doubly tainted in the eyes of early modern society by her religion and her gender. This remarkable woman, who until now has been relatively neglected by modern scholarship, was a unique figure in Italian cultural life, opening her home, in the Venetian ghetto, to Jews and Christians alike as a literary salon. For this bilingual edition, Don Harrán has collected all of Sulam's previously scattered writings-letters, sonnets, a Manifesto-into a single volume.

Jewish poetry. --- Jewish literature --- Copia Sulam, Sarra, --- Sulam, Sarra Copia, --- Copia Sulam, Sara, --- Copio Sullam, Sara, --- Copia Sullam, Sara, --- Sullam, Sara Copia, --- Copia, Sarra, --- Kophija, Sara Sulam, --- Italian literature --- jew, judaism, poetry, poetics, 17th century, 1600s, italy, italian, europe, european, prose, verse, writing, women, womanhood, womens issues, woman, female, feminist, feminism, modern, contemporary, analysis, critical, critique, gender, religion, religious studies, faith, belief, culture, cultural, ghetto, venetian, literary, literature, letters, sonnets, manifesto, collected works, life work.