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Many of the leading philosophers in the Islamic world were doctors, yielding extensive links between philosophy and medicine. The twelve papers in this volume explore these links, focusing on the classical or formative period (up to the eleventh century AD). One central theme is the Arabic reception of the two outstanding figures of Greek medicine, Hippocrates and Galen ? we learn how Hippocrates was made into a mouthpiece for ethical wisdom, and how Galen influenced ideas in ethics and the nature of plant life. Aristotle is also considered, with a study of the reception of his ideas on longevity. Several of the luminaries of philosophy in the early Islamic world are also studied, including Abu Bakr al-Razi, al-Farabi, and Avicenna: all of them deploy medical ideas in their philosophical writings, whether to treat emotional distress as a kind of illness, to explain the function of eyesight, to compare the well-functioning state to the healthy human body, or to draw on anatomical ideas in works on psychology. Conversely, the volume also includes research on the use of philosophical ideas in medical texts, including medical compendia and the works of 'Ali ibn Ridwan. Attention is also given to the connections between medicine and Islamic theology (kalam). As a whole, the book provides both a survey of the kinds of work being done in this relatively unexplored area, and a springboard for further research.

Medicine --- Religious aspects --- Islam --- History --- Philosophy --- Islam. --- Médicine --- Philosophy, Medical --- Religion and Medicine. --- Philosophy. --- Aspect religieux --- Histoire --- Philosophie --- History. --- To 1500. --- Abbasid Caliphate (historical region). --- Rashidun Caliphate (former nation/state/empire). --- Umayyad Caliphate (former nation/state/empire). --- Medicine - Religious aspects - Islam - History - To 1500 --- Medicine - Philosophy - History - To 1500

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How empires have used diversity to shape the world order for more than two millenniaEmpires—vast states of territories and peoples united by force and ambition—have dominated the political landscape for more than two millennia. Empires in World History departs from conventional European and nation-centered perspectives to take a remarkable look at how empires relied on diversity to shape the global order. Beginning with ancient Rome and China and continuing across Asia, Europe, the Americas, and Africa, Jane Burbank and Frederick Cooper examine empires' conquests, rivalries, and strategies of domination—with an emphasis on how empires accommodated, created, and manipulated differences among populations.Burbank and Cooper examine Rome and China from the third century BCE, empires that sustained state power for centuries. They delve into the militant monotheism of Byzantium, the Islamic Caliphates, and the short-lived Carolingians, as well as the pragmatically tolerant rule of the Mongols and Ottomans, who combined religious protection with the politics of loyalty. Burbank and Cooper discuss the influence of empire on capitalism and popular sovereignty, the limitations and instability of Europe's colonial projects, Russia's repertoire of exploitation and differentiation, as well as the "empire of liberty"—devised by American revolutionaries and later extended across a continent and beyond.With its investigation into the relationship between diversity and imperial states, Empires in World History offers a fresh approach to understanding the impact of empires on the past and present.

Colonias --- Colonies --- Colonización --- Colonization --- Difference (Philosophy) --- Historia mundial. --- Imperialism --- Imperialismo --- Política mundial. --- Power (Social sciences) --- World history. --- World politics. --- Historia. --- History. --- Political aspects --- Abbasid caliphate. --- Abdulhamid II. --- Abdullah ibn Husayn. --- Aegean. --- African National Congress. --- Appalachian Mountains. --- Aztec empire. --- Balkanization. --- Baltic Germans. --- Bolshevik party. --- Bosnia-Herzegovina. --- British empire. --- Buddhism. --- Byzantine empire. --- Caesar. --- Caribbean. --- Catholic monarchy. --- Caucasus. --- Chagatai khanate. --- Charlemagne. --- Chinese empires. --- Christian Social Party. --- Dagestan. --- Daniilovichi. --- Donglin Society. --- Dutch empire. --- Edict of Toleration. --- Empire of Liberty. --- Enlightenment. --- Etruscans. --- Faisal ibn Husayn. --- Gandhi, Mohandas. --- Geneva conventions. --- Gujaratis. --- Hadramaut. --- Hinduism. --- absolutist monarchy. --- affirmative action. --- anticolonial movements. --- antislavery movements. --- barbarians. --- caciques. --- capital punishment. --- censorship. --- civilizing missions. --- colonial empires. --- constitutions. --- corporal punishment. --- creoles. --- decolonization. --- disease. --- eunuchs. --- free trade.

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Waqfs, or religious endowments, have long been at the very center of daily Islamic life, establishing religious, cultural, and welfare institutions and serving as a legal means to keep family property intact through several generations. In this book R. D. McChesney focuses on the major Muslim shrine at Balkh--once a flourishing city on an ancient trade route in what is now northern Afghanistan--and provides a detailed study of the political, economic, and social conditions that influenced, and were influenced by, the development of a single religious endowment. From its founding in 1480 until 1889, when the Afghan government took control of it, the waqf at Balkh was a formidable economic force in a financially dynamic region, particularly during those times when the endowment's sacred character and the tax privileges it acquired gave its managers considerable financial security. This study sheds new light on the legal institution of waqf within Muslim society and on how political conditions affected the development of socio-religious institutions throughout Central Asia over a period of four hundred years.Originally published in 1991.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Charitable uses, trusts, and foundations --- Islamic shrines --- Fondations (Droit) --- History --- Histoire --- Mazar-e Sharif (Afghanistan) --- Mazare e Sharif (Afghanistan) --- History. --- Mazār-i Sharīf (Afghanistan) --- Muslim shrines --- Shrines --- Charitable remainder trusts --- Donations --- Endowments --- Charities --- Charity laws and legislation --- Juristic persons --- Trusts and trustees --- Uses (Law) --- Charitable bequests --- Law and legislation --- Mazār-e Sharīf (Afghanistan) --- Mazār-e Sharīf, Afghanistan --- Mazār Sharīf (Afghanistan) --- Mazari Sharif (Afghanistan) --- Abbasid Caliphate. --- Abd Al-Rahman. --- Abd al-Mu'min. --- Abu Bakr. --- Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib. --- Abu Yazid. --- Abu Yusuf. --- Abu'l-Khayr Khan. --- Ahab. --- Ahl al-Bayt. --- Ahmad Shah. --- Al-Ghazali. --- Al-Qastallani. --- Al-Shahrastani. --- Ali Mardan Khan. --- Appanage. --- Aqsaqal. --- Ardabil. --- Ashraf Ghani. --- Atabeg. --- Badakhshan. --- Bahram (Shahnameh). --- Balkh. --- Banna'i. --- Battle of Khaybar. --- Bayazid Bastami. --- Bukhara. --- Caliphate. --- Central Asia. --- Central Authority. --- Dastur al-Muluk. --- Deployment plan. --- Dushanbe. --- Emirate. --- Foreign policy. --- Hanafi. --- Hegira. --- Herat. --- Hulagu Khan. --- Ibn Battuta. --- Ishmael in Islam. --- Iskandar (Timurid dynasty). --- Islam. --- Islamic culture. --- Islamic state. --- Ja'far al-Sadiq. --- Kandahar. --- Karbala. --- Kashgar. --- Khagan. --- Khan (title). --- Khanate. --- Khaybar. --- Khoja (Turkestan). --- Kipchaks. --- Majlis. --- Maoism. --- Mazar-i-Sharif. --- Mihrab. --- Mufti. --- Muhammad Akram. --- Muhammad Ishaq. --- Muhammad Khan (Ilkhan). --- Muhammad Salih. --- Muhammad al-Baqir. --- Muhammad al-Shaybani. --- Muhammad of Ghor. --- Mukhayriq. --- Murad Bakhsh. --- Naqshbandi. --- Oedipus complex. --- Qadi. --- Rabi' al-awwal. --- Rustam (Haqqani network). --- Safavid dynasty. --- Sahabah. --- Samarkand. --- Sayyid. --- Shafi'i. --- Shah Jahan. --- Shahnameh. --- Shahrbanu. --- Shams al-Din Muhammad. --- Sheikh. --- Shia Islam. --- Shrine of Ali. --- Sufism. --- Syncretism. --- Tariqa. --- Timur. --- Transoxiana. --- Turkistan (city). --- Umayyad Caliphate. --- Uthman. --- Uzbek language. --- Uzbeks. --- Waqf. --- Yaqut al-Hamawi. --- Zaidiyyah. --- Zakat.

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In this book Juan R. I. Cole challenges traditional elite-centered conceptions of the conflict that led to the British occupation of Egypt in September 1882. For a year before the British intervened, Egypt's viceregal government and the country's influential European community had been locked in a struggle with the nationalist supporters of General Ahmad al-`Urabi. Although most Western observers still see the `Urabi movement as a "revolt" of junior military officers with only limited support among the Egyptian people, Cole maintains that it was a broadly based social revolution hardly underway when it was cut off by the British. While arguing this fresh point of view, he also proposes a theory of revolutions against informal or neocolonial empires, drawing parallels between Egypt in 1882, the Boxer Rebellion in China, and the Islamic Revolution in modern Iran. In a thorough examination of the changing Egyptian political culture from 1858 through the `Urabi episode, Cole shows how various social strata--urban guilds, the intelligentsia, and village notables--became "revolutionary." Addressing issues raised by such scholars as Barrington Moore and Theda Skocpol, his book combines four complementary approaches: social structure and its socioeconomic context, organization, ideology, and the ways in which unexpected conjunctures of events help drive a revolution.

Social classes --- Class distinction --- Classes, Social --- Rank --- Caste --- Estates (Social orders) --- Social status --- Class consciousness --- Classism --- Social stratification --- History --- ʻUrābī, Aḥmad, --- Egypt --- Aḥmad ʻArābī, --- Aḥmad ʻIrābī, --- Aḥmad ʻUrābī, --- ʻArābī, Aḥmad, --- ʻArabi Pasha, --- ʻIrābī, Aḥmad, --- Ourabi, Ahmad, --- Ourabi, Ahmed, --- ʻUrābī Pasha, --- أحمد عرابي --- عرابي، أحمد، --- عرابي، احمد --- عرابي، احمد، --- عرابى، أحمد، --- History of Africa --- anno 1800-1899 --- Abbasid Caliphate. --- Activism. --- Al-Ahram. --- Al-Mahdi. --- Algerian War. --- Ancien Régime. --- Anti-imperialism. --- Arabization. --- Banditry. --- Before the Revolution. --- Bourgeoisie. --- British Empire. --- Bureaucrat. --- Byzantine Empire. --- Caliphate. --- Capitalism. --- Censorship. --- Central Asia. --- Circassians. --- Colonialism. --- Conspiracy theory. --- Constitutionalist (UK). --- Corporatism. --- Counter-revolutionary. --- Decolonization. --- Despotism. --- Economic interventionism. --- Education in Egypt. --- Egyptian Government. --- Egyptian crisis (2011–14). --- Egyptian law. --- Egyptians. --- Elie Kedourie. --- Emir. --- English Revolution. --- Expansionism. --- Expatriate. --- Extraterritoriality. --- Foreign policy of the United States. --- From Time Immemorial. --- Ideology. --- Imperial Ambitions. --- Imperialism. --- Indian Rebellion of 1857. --- Infant industry. --- Insurgency. --- Intelligentsia. --- International relations. --- Iranian Revolution. --- Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani. --- Jingoism. --- Khedive. --- Labor aristocracy. --- Liberalism (book). --- Liberalism. --- Loan shark. --- Mercantilism. --- Middle East. --- Mirrors for princes. --- Nativism (politics). --- Neocolonialism. --- New Political Economy (journal). --- Newspaper. --- On Revolution. --- Orientalism. --- Ottoman Empire. --- Pan-Islamism. --- Peasant. --- Pogrom. --- Political revolution. --- Politics. --- Poll tax. --- Populism. --- Radicalism (historical). --- Reformism. --- Revolution. --- Revolutionary movement. --- Ruhollah Khomeini. --- Salman Rushdie. --- Sayyid. --- Secularization. --- Social revolution. --- State within a state. --- States and Social Revolutions. --- Subaltern (postcolonialism). --- Suez Canal Company. --- Suez Crisis. --- Tanzimat. --- Tax collector. --- Tax. --- The Imperialism of Free Trade. --- Tyrant. --- Upper Egypt. --- Urban riots. --- Use tax. --- Usury. --- Warfare. --- Westernization. --- Young Turk Revolution. --- Zoroaster.

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This remarkable portrayal of Jerusalem has become a favorite of many readers interested in this city's dramatic past. Through a collection of firsthand accounts, we see Jerusalem as it appeared through the centuries to a fascinating variety of observers--Jews, Christians, Muslims, and secularists, from pilgrim to warrior to merchant. F. E. Peters skillfully unites these moving eyewitness statements in an immensely readable narrative commentary.Originally published in 1985.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Jerusalem --- History --- Sources. --- 1 Maccabees. --- 2 Maccabees. --- Abbasid Caliphate. --- Aelia Capitolina. --- Against Apion. --- Al-Aqsa Mosque. --- Al-Nasir. --- Araunah. --- Arius. --- Ark of the Covenant. --- Armenians. --- Ayyubid dynasty. --- Basilica. --- Beautiful Gate. --- Bedouin. --- Book of Judges. --- Book of Lamentations. --- Books of Kings. --- Caliphate. --- Church of the Holy Sepulchre. --- City of David. --- Clergy. --- Cloister. --- David Reubeni. --- Dome of the Ascension. --- Dome of the Rock. --- Elijah. --- Elisha. --- Ezekiel. --- Fatimid Caliphate. --- Franciscans. --- Friar. --- Gedaliah. --- Geonim. --- God Knows (novel). --- God. --- Good Friday. --- Hagarenes. --- Hegesippus (chronicler). --- Herod the Great. --- Herodian. --- Hittites. --- Holy of Holies. --- Infidel. --- Islam. --- Israelites. --- Jehoshaphat. --- Jerusalem. --- Jews. --- Josiah. --- Judea (Roman province). --- Juvenal. --- Kaaba. --- Knights Hospitaller. --- Latins (Italic tribe). --- Letter of Aristeas. --- Mary, mother of Jesus. --- Melkite. --- Mihrab. --- Morisco. --- Mosque. --- Mount of Olives. --- Muezzin. --- Mujir al-Din. --- Muslim. --- Muslims (nationality). --- Nehemiah. --- Omar Khayyam. --- Passover sacrifice. --- People of the Book. --- Prester John. --- Qadi. --- Quran. --- Religion. --- Rite. --- Sadducees. --- Safed. --- Samaritans. --- Sanskrit. --- Saracen. --- Second Temple. --- Sharia. --- Shrine. --- Sin offering. --- Solomon's Porch. --- Solomon's Temple. --- Stations of the Cross. --- Sultan of Egypt. --- Temple Mount. --- The True Word. --- Tisha B'Av. --- Trophimus. --- Wall and tower. --- Waqf. --- Warfare. --- Western Wall. --- William of Tyre. --- Yeshiva. --- Zamzam Well. --- Zedekiah.