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"The Laws of Hammurabi is one of the earliest law codes, dating from the 18th century BCE Mesopotamia (ancient Iraq). It is the culmination of a tradition in which scribes would demonstrate their legal flair by composing statutes on a repertoire of traditional cases, articulating what they deemed just and fair. The scribe of the Laws of Hammurabi advanced beyond earlier scribes in composing statutes that manifest systematization and implicit legal principles. The scribe inserted the statutes into the structure of a royal inscription, skillfully reshaping the genre. This allowed the king to use the law code to demonstrate that Hammurabi had fulfilled the mandate to guarantee justice enjoined upon him by the gods, affirming his authority as king. This tradition of scribal improvisation on a set of traditional cases continued outside of Mesopotamia. It influenced biblical law and the law of the Hittite empire and may have shaped Greek and Roman law. The Laws of Hammurabi is also a witness to the start of another stream of intellectual tradition. It became a classic text and the subject of formal commentaries, marking a Copernican revolution in intellectual culture"--

Law, Assyro-Babylonian --- Scribes --- Copyists --- Assyro-Babylonian law --- Sources --- History --- Code of Hammurabi --- Inu Anum ṣīrum --- Codex Hammurabi --- Sharīʻat Ḥamūrābī --- Codex Ḫammurapi --- Hammurabi's Code --- Hammurabi Code --- Ḫammu-rabi's Laws --- Code of Ḫammu-rabi --- Laws of Ḫammu-rabi --- Codice Ḫammurabi --- Influence. --- Babylonia --- Vavilonii︠a︡ --- Bavel --- Bābil --- Babylonien --- Sumer --- Politics and government. --- 892.12 --- 892.12 Assyrische literatuur --- Assyrische literatuur --- Sources.

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"In 1177 B.C., marauding groups known only as the "Sea Peoples" invaded Egypt. The pharaoh's army and navy managed to defeat them, but the victory so weakened Egypt that it soon slid into decline, as did most of the surrounding civilizations. After centuries of brilliance, the civilized world of the Bronze Age came to an abrupt and cataclysmic end. Kingdoms fell like dominoes over the course of just a few decades. No more Minoans or Mycenaeans. No more Trojans, Hittites, or Babylonians. The thriving economy and cultures of the late second millennium B.C., which had stretched from Greece to Egypt and Mesopotamia, suddenly ceased to exist, along with writing systems, technology, and monumental architecture. But the Sea Peoples alone could not have caused such widespread breakdown. How did it happen? In this major new account of the causes of this "First Dark Ages," Eric Cline tells the gripping story of how the end was brought about by multiple interconnected failures, ranging from invasion and revolt to earthquakes, drought, and the cutting of international trade routes. Bringing to life the vibrant multicultural world of these great civilizations, he draws a sweeping panorama of the empires and globalized peoples of the Late Bronze Age and shows that it was their very interdependence that hastened their dramatic collapse and ushered in a dark age that lasted centuries. A compelling combination of narrative and the latest scholarship, 1177 B.C. sheds new light on the complex ties that gave rise to, and ultimately destroyed, the flourishing civilizations of the Late Bronze Age-and that set the stage for the emergence of classical Greece"--

Sea Peoples. --- Bronze age --- Mediterranean Region --- Civilization. --- Civilization --- Ethnology --- Sea Peoples --- Adad-nirari I. --- Aegean civilizations. --- Akhenaten. --- Alaksandu. --- Alalakh. --- Alashiya. --- Amarna. --- Amenhotep III. --- Ammurapi. --- Amun. --- Amurru (god). --- Ancient Near East. --- Ancient history. --- Archaeology. --- Ashkelon. --- Assyria. --- Babylonia. --- Bronze Age. --- Canaan. --- Carchemish. --- Carl Blegen. --- City-state. --- Clay tablet. --- Climate change. --- Deir el-Bahari. --- Disaster. --- Drought. --- Eastern Mediterranean. --- Egyptians. --- Egyptology. --- Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. --- Epigraphy. --- Famine. --- Geography of Greece. --- Great power. --- Greeks. --- Hatshepsut. --- Hattusa. --- Hazor. --- Hebrews. --- Heinrich Schliemann. --- Hittites. --- Hoard. --- Hurrians. --- Hyksos. --- Iron Age. --- Israelites. --- Kamose. --- Kassites. --- King of Egypt. --- Knossos. --- Kynos. --- Late Bronze Age collapse. --- Mediterranean Sea. --- Megadrought. --- Merneptah. --- Minoan civilization. --- Minoan eruption. --- Minoan pottery. --- Mitanni. --- Mortuary temple. --- Mycenae. --- Mycenaean Civilization. --- Mycenaean Greece. --- Narrative. --- Near East. --- Nefertiti. --- New Kingdom of Egypt. --- Nubia. --- Pharaoh. --- Philistines. --- Phoenicia. --- Pottery. --- Publication. --- Pylos. --- Qatna. --- Ramesses II. --- Suppiluliuma I. --- Suppiluliuma II. --- The Various. --- Thutmose I. --- Thutmose III. --- Tiryns. --- Trade route. --- Trojan War. --- Troy. --- Tudhaliya IV. --- Tudhaliya. --- Tukulti-Ninurta I. --- Tushratta. --- Tutankhamun. --- Ugarit. --- Warfare. --- Washukanni. --- Wilusa. --- Writing. --- Year. --- Yigael Yadin. --- Bronze age. --- Peuples de la Mer. --- To 476. --- Mediterranean Region. --- Méditerranée, Région de la --- History --- Civilisation. --- Histoire