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Eels : physiology, habitat, and conservation
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ISBN: 1619422425 9781619422421 9781619422315 161942231X Year: 2012 Publisher: Hauppauge, NY : Nova Science Publisher's,

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Dissertation
Pollution in eel : a cause of their decline ?
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ISBN: 9789086491841 Year: 2009 Publisher: Leuven Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. Faculteit der Wetenschappen

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Verontreiniging in paling. Een oorzaak van zijn achteruitgang? SAMENVATTING. De Europese paling Anguilla anguilla (L.) is een ruim verspreide, panmictische en katadrome vissoort. Deze soort vertegenwoordigt een belangrijke economische waarde voor de visserij en komt voor over een groot deel van het Europese continent. Uit monitoring van de hoeveelheid glasaal die de Europese rivieren optrekt, wordt afgeleid dat de palingpopulatie in zeer ernstige mate afgenomen is. De toestand van de stock wordt momenteel beschouwd als beneden de biologische veiligheidsgrenzen en een recente Europese regelgeving vraagt dringend om beschermingsmaatregelen. Alhoewel verschillende mogelijke oorzaken voor de achteruitgang gesuggereerd werden, kon een wetenschappelijk gefundeerde verklaring nog niet gegeven worden. Paling is een langlevende, carnivore, bentische en vetrijke soort, die bijzonder gevoelig is voor opstapeling van lipofiele contaminanten zoals polychloorbifenylen (PCB’s), organochloorpesticiden (OCP’s) en gebromeerde vlamvertragers (brominated flame retardants, BFR’s). Aan het Vlaamse Instituut voor Natuur- en Bosonderzoek (INBO) werd een meetnet over Vlaanderen opgezet, waarbij over een onderzoeksperiode van 14 jaar contaminanten in paling gemeten werden. Zo werden tussen 1994 en 2007 meer dan 3000 palingen afkomstig van 376 meetstations, geanalyseerd op PCB’s, OCP’s, zware metalen en een selectie van andere stoffen. Wij toonden aan dat de paling in het gele-aalstadium een zeer geschikte chemische bio-indicator is; het contaminantprofiel in paling is een vingerafdruk van de pollutiedruk op de meetplaats waar de paling opgroeit. Monitoring van contaminanten in het aquatisch milieu is in Vlaanderen gebaseerd op metingen in water en sediment, maar veel metingen van lipofiele stoffen zoals PCB’s en OCP’s zoals DDT, de drins en hexachloorbenzeen vallen onder de detectielimiet. In paling echter zijn deze stoffen in haast alle gevallen meetbaar. Het is daarom wenselijk om de meetstrategie voor deze verontreinigende stoffen in ons aquatisch milieu kritisch door te lichten, zowel op Vlaams als op internationaal niveau, in de context van de verplichtingen van de Europese Kaderrichtlijn Water. Met de resultaten van onze analyses werd de toestand van een 30-tal verontreinigende stoffen beschreven en werden kaarten gemaakt van hun verspreiding in Vlaanderen. De meeste stoffen zijn algemeen verspreid en alom aanwezig in Vlaamse paling. De mate waarin deze stoffen aangetroffen worden is afhankelijk van het rivierbekken. De analyse van contaminanten in paling laat ons toe om specifieke verontreinigingshaarden aan te duiden. In gebieden met intensieve textielindustrie werden zeer hoge BFR-gehaltes gemeten en in gebieden met hoge landbouwdruk werden hoge lindaanconcentraties aangetroffen. Er kon worden aangetoond dat sinds lang verboden stoffen zoals DDT, op sommige plaatsen nog steeds gebruikt worden. Een trendanalyse binnen de studieperiode toont aan dat de gehaltes aan PCB’s en sommige OCP’s significant dalen. Ook de gehaltes van sommige metalen (lood, arseen, nikkel en chroom) blijken in paling af te nemen. Dit is evenwel niet het geval voor cadmium en kwik. Zelfgevangen paling is sterk gegeerd door sportvissers, omwille van de hoge concentraties aan allerlei vervuilende stoffen vormt de consumptie van deze paling echter een mogelijk gevaar voor de volksgezondheid. Verschillende maatregelen werden dan ook reeds genomen: een tijdelijk meeneemverbod voor alle gevangen paling tussen 2002 en 2006, en de uitvaardiging van een consumptienorm voor PCB’s in vis en afgeleide producten. Op ca. 75% van de meetplaatsen overschrijden de PCB-gehaltes in paling deze wettelijke consumptienorm. Via een inschatting werd de PCB-belasting bij sportvissers die zelfgevangen paling consumeren, vergeleken met deze bij een populatie niet-vissers. PCB-inname bij vissers is een reden tot grote bezorgdheid en er wordt verwacht dat PCB-opstapeling er dermate hoog kan zijn dat toxicologische effecten niet uitgesloten mogen worden. Momenteel wordt de bescherming van de volksgezondheid onvoldoende gewaarborgd, het is daarom wenselijk om meer doortastende beleidsmaatregelen te nemen. Mogelijke effecten op de paling van de contaminantbelasting werden eveneens onderzocht. Ondanks de zeer hoge opstapeling van endocrien verstorende stoffen, werden geen afwijkende vitellogenineconcentraties in het immature gele-aalstadium gemeten. Wel werd er een significant negatieve correlatie vastgesteld tussen zware-metaalbelasting en conditie, hetgeen wijst op een impact op de gezondheid van de paling. In de groep van sterk verontreinigde palingen werd een verminderde genetische variabiliteit waargenomen. We konden bovendien aantonen dat het vetgehalte en de conditie van de palingpopulatie significant afnemen tijdens de laatste 15 jaar, zowel in Vlaanderen als in Nederland. Dit brengt de migratie en de voortplanting van deze trekvis in het gedrang. Deze afname in energiereserve lijkt ons te wijten aan de invloed van verontreinigende stoffen. Dergelijke resultaten zijn belangrijk voor het internationaal palingbeheer, en spelen mogelijk een sleutelrol in het onderzoek naar de oorzaken van de achteruitgang van de soort. Wellicht moet de Darwiniaanse evolutietheorie in palingtermen geïnterpreteerd worden als ‘the survival of the fattest’. Pollution in eel. A cause of their decline? ABSTRACT. The European eel Anguilla anguilla (L.) is a widespread, panmictic and catadromous fish, widely distributed over Europe, with an important economic value for fisheries. The population is waning, as shown through recruitment monitoring in European rivers. The state of the stock is now considered below safe biological limits and a recent European regulation urges for stock protection measures. Although many potential causes have been suggested, the reasons for this dramatic decline remain unknown. As the eel is a long-lived, carnivorous, benthic and lipid-rich species, it is particularly prone to the accumulation of noxious chemical compounds, especially lipophilic contaminants like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs). At the Research Institute for Nature and Forest, we set up a monitoring network (Eel Pollution Monitoring Network, EPMN) and measured contaminants in the eel over Flanders during a 14-year research programme. Between 1994 and 2007 more than 3000 eels from 376 locations were analysed for PCBs, OCPs, heavy metals and some other compounds. We demonstrated that eels in their yellow stage are very suitable chemical bioindicators; contaminant profiles in those eels are fingerprints of the contamination pressure on the site where they grow up. Monitoring of contaminants in Flanders is based on measuring chemicals in water and sediments, but many analytical results of lipophilic compounds like PCBs and OCPs such as DDT, drins or hexachlorobenzene, fall under the detection limit, whereas in eel, those compounds are detectable in nearly all cases. We therefore strongly recommend a critical assessment of the monitoring strategy of chemical substances in our aquatic environment, both at a Flemish and an international scale, within the European Water Framework Directive. Our results generated a status report and distribution maps of eel pollution for some 30 substances. Most substances are present all over Flanders, but there is considerable variation between river basins, dependent on land use. Contaminant analysis in eel is able to pinpoint specific pollution sources, like some volatile organic compounds in very specific locations, very high BFR levels in eels from areas with intensive textile industry, or high lindane levels in some rivers under agricultural pressure. We could demonstrate that banned chemicals like DDT are still in use in some places. Within the study period, trend analysis indicated significant reductions in PCBs and many OCPs. Also for some heavy metals (lead, arsenic, nickel and chromium), concentrations decreased in the eel, but this was not the case for cadmium and mercury. Self-caught eels are much esteemed by fishermen, but considering the eel’s high contaminant body burden, consumption constitutes a potential risk for human health. After reporting our results, several measures were taken, such as a temporary catch and release obligation for eels caught between 2002 and 2006, and the legal enforcement of a maximum concentration for PCBs in fish and fisheries products. On ca 75 % of the sites, PCB levels in eel exceed however this legal upper limit. The intake of PCBs through consumption of eel by recreational fishermen was compared with the intake of a background population through a probabilistic approach. PCB intake seems to be at a level of high concern, and body burden in fishermen in Flanders might reach levels of toxicological relevance. Currently, human health protection is not assured, and we recommended more stringent measures from policy makers. We assessed potential impacts of contaminants on the eel population. Despite a very high internal load of endocrine disrupters, we did not find any effects on vitellogenin levels in immature yellow eel. However, a significant negative correlation between heavy metal pollution load and condition was observed, suggesting an impact of pollution on the health of sub-adult eels. In strongly polluted eels a reduced genetic variability was observed. We further demonstrated that fat stores and condition decreased significantly during the last 15 years in eels in Flanders and The Netherlands, jeopardizing a normal migration and successful reproduction of this long-distance migrator. We hypothesize that pollution is a major driver for this decrease in fat reserves. These findings are of utmost importance for eel management, and may represent a key element in the search for understanding the causes of the decline of the eel. It may well be that the Darwinian evolutionary theory on the survival of the fittest in eel-terms has to be interpreted as the survival of the fattest. consumeren, vergeleken met deze bij een populatie niet-vissers. PCB-inname bij vissers is een reden tot grote bezorgdheid en er wordt verwacht dat PCB-opstapeling er dermate hoog kan zijn dat toxicologische effecten niet uitgesloten mogen worden. Momenteel wordt de bescherming van de volksgezondheid onvoldoende gewaarborgd, het is daarom wenselijk om meer doortastende beleidsmaatregelen te nemen. Mogelijke effecten op de paling van de contaminantbelasting werden eveneens onderzocht. Ondanks de zeer hoge opstapeling van endocrien verstorende stoffen, werden geen afwijkende vitellogenineconcentraties in het immature gele-aalstadium gemeten. Wel werd er een significant negatieve correlatie vastgesteld tussen zware-metaalbelasting en conditie, hetgeen wijst op een impact op de gezondheid van de paling. In de groep van sterk verontreinigde palingen werd een verminderde genetische variabiliteit waargenomen. We konden bovendien aantonen dat het vetgehalte en de conditie van de palingpopulatie significant afnemen tijdens de laatste 15 jaar, zowel in Vlaanderen als in Nederland. Dit brengt de migratie en de voortplanting van deze trekvis in het gedrang. Deze afname in energiereserve lijkt ons te wijten aan de invloed van verontreinigende stoffen. Dergelijke resultaten zijn belangrijk voor het internationaal palingbeheer, en spelen mogelijk een sleutelrol in het onderzoek naar de oorzaken van de achteruitgang van de soort. Wellicht moet de Darwiniaanse evolutietheorie in palingtermen geïnterpreteerd worden als ‘the survival of the fattest’. Pollution in eel. A cause of their decline? ABSTRACT. The European eel Anguilla anguilla (L.) is a widespread, panmictic and catadromous fish, widely distributed over Europe, with an important economic value for fisheries. The population is waning, as shown through recruitment monitoring in European rivers. The state of the stock is now considered below safe biological limits and a recent European regulation urges for stock protection measures. Although many potential causes have been suggested, the reasons for this dramatic decline remain unknown. As the eel is a long-lived, carnivorous, benthic and lipid-rich species, it is particularly prone to the accumulation of noxious chemical compounds, especially lipophilic contaminants like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs). At the Research Institute for Nature and Forest, we set up a monitoring network (Eel Pollution Monitoring Network, EPMN) and measured contaminants in the eel over Flanders during a 14-year research programme. Between 1994 and 2007 more than 3000 eels from 376 locations were analysed for PCBs, OCPs, heavy metals and some other compounds. We demonstrated that eels in their yellow stage are very suitable chemical bioindicators; contaminant profiles in those eels are fingerprints of the contamination pressure on the site where they grow up. Monitoring of contaminants in Flanders is based on measuring chemicals in water and sediments, but many analytical results of lipophilic compounds like PCBs and OCPs such as DDT, drins or hexachlorobenzene, fall under the detection limit, whereas in eel, those compounds are detectable in nearly all cases. We therefore strongly recommend a critical assessment of the monitoring strategy of chemical substances in our aquatic environment, both at a Flemish and an international scale, within the European Water


Book
European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission : International council for the exploration of the sea : Report of the thirteenth session of the joint EIFAC/ICES working group on eels : Copenhagen, Denmark, 28-31 August 2001.
Author:
ISBN: 9251049416 Year: 2003 Publisher: Rome : FAO,

Eel biology.
Authors: --- ---
ISBN: 4431004580 4431659099 4431659072 Year: 2003 Publisher: Tokyo Springer

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As a food resource in both Eastern and Western countries, the eel is an important fish. Over the years, remarkable progress has been achieved in understanding the mysterious life cycle of eels that has fascinated scientists since the age of Aristotle. The spawning area of the Japanese eel was discovered and the migratory route of its larvae was elucidated. With the development of techniques for artificial induction of gonadal maturation, it became possible to obtain hatched larvae. Larval rearing to the leptocephalus stage, one of the most difficult tasks involved in eel culture, finally was achieved. By presenting these important breakthroughs, Eel Biology will be of great help in the development of effective management strategies for maintaining stable eel populations. With contributions by leading experts, this book is a valuable source for researchers as well as industry technicians in the fields of aquatic biology, aquaculture, and fisheries.

Capture-based aquaculture : the fattening of eels, groupers, tunas and yellowtails
Authors: --- --- --- ---
ISBN: 9251051003 Year: 2004 Publisher: Rome : FAO,

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Defines and reviews certain practices that are shared between aquaculture and capture fisheries. Specifically considers the on-growing or fattening of four species groups - eels, groupers, tunas and yellowtails - which is based on the use of wild-caught "seed". Begins with an introduction on the overlap between aquaculture and fisheries and their global trends. Chapters on the four species groups follow and include information on species identification, fishery trends, the supply and transfer of "seed" for stocking purposes, aquaculture trends, culture systems, feeds and feeding regimes, fish health, harvesting and marketing. Further chapters examine the environmental and socio-economic impacts of capture-based aquaculture, together with the relevant fisheries and aquaculture management issues, and food safety issues.

Keywords

Fish culture. --- Cage aquaculture --- Eels --- Groupers --- Tuna --- Yellowtail damselfish --- Pisciculture --- Elevage en cages flottantes (Aquaculture) --- Anguilles --- Mérous --- Thons --- Microspathodon chrysurus --- Feeding and feeds --- Alimentation --- Anguilla (genre) --- Anguilla (genus) --- Thon --- Poisson de mer --- Saltwater fishes --- Pêches --- fisheries --- Aquaculture --- aquaculture --- Élevage intensif --- Intensive husbandry --- Alimentation des poissons --- Fish feeding --- Maladie des poissons --- Fish diseases --- Commercialisation --- Marketing --- Ressource animale --- Animal resources --- Conservation des ressources --- Resource conservation --- Sécurité alimentaire --- food security --- Seriola --- world --- 639.3.045 --- 597.555 --- 597.582.2 --- 597.587.2 --- 597.583.1 --- Acclimatization, adaptation of fish (from fresh to seawater and vice versa) --- Apodes. Eels. Conger. Moray (murry). Anguillidae --- Serranidae. Epinephelus --- Scombridae. Mackerel. Tuna (tunny) --- Percidae. Perch. Pike-perch. Barracuda. Archer fish --- Aquaculture. --- Fisheries. --- Yellowtail --- Zoology and Animal Sciences. Aquaculture and Fisheries --- Zoology and Animal Sciences. Biology of Animal Taxonomic Groups --- Feeding and feeds. --- Production Systems --- Pisces --- Production Systems. --- Pisces. --- 597.583.1 Percidae. Perch. Pike-perch. Barracuda. Archer fish --- 597.587.2 Scombridae. Mackerel. Tuna (tunny) --- 597.582.2 Serranidae. Epinephelus --- 597.555 Apodes. Eels. Conger. Moray (murry). Anguillidae --- 639.3.045 Acclimatization, adaptation of fish (from fresh to seawater and vice versa) --- Mérous --- aquaculture. --- Seriola. --- Elevage en cages flottantes (aquaculture) --- Fisheries --- Albacore (Yellowtail) --- Amber fish --- Amber jack --- Amberjack (Fish) --- Amberjack, King --- Bonito, Horseeye --- Cape yellowtail --- Coronado (Fish) --- Giant yellowtail --- Great amberjack --- Horseeye bonito --- Jenny lind (Fish) --- King amberjack --- Kingfish --- Kingie --- Northern kingfish --- Seriola aureovittata --- Seriola banisteri --- Seriola bovinoculata --- Seriola dorsalis --- Seriola grandis --- Seriola lalandei --- Seriola lalandi --- Silver king --- Yellow tail --- Yellow-tailed amberjack --- Yellowtail amberjack --- Yellowtail jack --- Thunnidae --- Thunnus --- Tuna fish --- Tunafish --- Tunas --- Scombridae --- Serranidae --- Coastal fisheries --- Commercial fisheries --- Commercial fishing industry --- Farms, Fish --- Fish farms --- Fishery industry --- Fishery methods --- Fishing industry --- Freshwater fisheries --- Inland fisheries --- Large-scale fisheries --- Marine fisheries --- Marine recreational fisheries --- Recreational fisheries --- Sea fisheries --- Sea fishing industry --- Sport fisheries --- Wildlife utilization --- Fishery sciences --- Fishes --- Anguilliformes --- Anguillomorphi --- Apodal fishes --- Apodes --- Lyomeri --- Monognathiformes --- Saccopharyngiformes --- Osteichthyes --- Aquiculture --- Agriculture --- Élevage en cages flottantes (aquaculture)


Book
Eels and Humans
Authors: ---
ISBN: 443154528X 4431545298 Year: 2014 Publisher: Tokyo : Springer Japan : Imprint: Springer,

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This book explains much of what is known currently about freshwater eels, focusing on social and cultural aspects as well as science. A wealth of eel-related material is presented by scientists from around the world, including information on eel fishing, resources, distribution, aquaculture, economics, cuisine, environment and ecosystems, idioms, arts and crafts, tradition, legends, mythology, archaeology and even memorial services. Eels are important as food for humankind and are an interesting model for scientists studying animal migration and reproductive ecology. Their snake-like morphology differentiates them from most other fish, and their unpredictable behaviour that allows them to move over wet land and climb rocks adjacent to waterfalls attracts attention and evokes curiosity. Eels are therefore considered to be enigmatic creatures or metaphysical entities beyond human intelligence; indeed, they have been deified in parts of the world. In recent decades, however, with global populations of eels in sharp decline, some species face a real threat of extinction, and effective conservation strategies and measures are needed. Comparisons across these issues between various countries provide an image of a long-lasting relationship between eels and humankind, and encourage comprehensive and detailed understanding of eels from the perspectives of social, cultural and natural sciences. By promoting understanding of the close relationship between eels and humans, the broader public is engaged and public awareness of eel importance raised, helping to conserve these unique but endangered fish.                                                                  .


Book
Spawning Migration of the European Eel : Reproduction index, a useful tool for conservation management
Authors: --- ---
ISBN: 1402090943 9048180716 9786611954703 1281954705 1402090951 Year: 2009 Publisher: Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands : Imprint: Springer,

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The European eel Anguilla anguilla is a common fish species in West European countries supporting several thousands of small-scale fisheries. In June 2007, it has been listed in Annex B of CITES after the 99% decline in recruitment observed over the last decades. A European Council Regulation was issued on September 2007 to arrest the collapse of the eel stock. In this book, we discuss the factors that may contribute to the collapse of the European eel population. With respect to conservation measures two important aspects have to be considered: quality and quantity of escaping silver eels. Clearly, a poor condition of the silver eels can never be compensated by large numbers. Qualitative parameters were thus far hardly available for management applications. The main goal of this book is to provide useful quality parameters for migrating silver eels, indicating their contribution to recruitment. The process of migration and maturation also provides information about the natural conditions for eel reproduction. Therefore, this book will also be very useful for eel aquaculture; it may provide tools for reproduction as well as for suppression of precocious maturation. An integrative approach regarding eel maturation requires a combination of ecology and physiology. In this book we included both aspects, and we hope that this will contribute to the restoration of the European eel population.

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