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This paper provides an overview of efforts in the Baltic countries to reform their pension systems, and examines the choices facing these countries in their continued reform efforts. Early reforms were aimed at correcting the flaws of the inherited Soviet system and, in particular, at shoring up the finances of the pension systems and reducing their distortionary impact. The Baltic countries have been in the forefront of transition economies in their pursuit of pension reform. They have taken important steps to shore up the long-run financial health of their existing pension funds and made preparations for the implementation of a three-pillar scheme. Although a move toward a fully funded pension system can potentially make an important contribution to the objectives of pension reform, such a change is neither necessary nor sufficient to meet these goals. The existing PAYG pension system can, at least in theory, be made sustainable by an appropriate adjustment of payroll tax rates and expected lifetime pension benefits, although the average replacement rate implied by such changes may well be fairly low, reflecting the expected demographic developments.

Baltic Area --- Baltic States --- Balkanlanden --- pays balkaniques --- politique gouvernementale --- 331.25209479 --- Retirement pensions --- Superannuation --- Retirement income --- Annuities --- Social security individual investment accounts --- Vested benefits --- balkanlanden --- overheidsbeleid --- -Baltic Republics --- Baltics (States) --- Social security law --- Pensions --- Social policy --- Social policy. --- 330.05 --- assurances --- pension --- pensioenen --- Compensation --- Pension plans --- verzekeringen --- pensioen --- Baltic Republics --- Pensions - Baltic States --- Baltic States - Social policy --- Exports and Imports --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Demography --- Social Security and Public Pensions --- Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits --- Private Pensions --- Economics of the Elderly --- Economics of the Handicapped --- Non-labor Market Discrimination --- Retirement --- Retirement Policies --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Labour --- income economics --- Population & demography --- Public finance & taxation --- International economics --- Pension spending --- Pension reform --- Aging --- Expenditure --- Population and demographics --- Population aging --- Wages --- Labor economics --- Latvia, Republic of