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Book
Year: 2012 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : The World Bank,
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Public expenditure on household-based social assistance (SA) in Indonesia has increased significantly since 2005. From a low base in the early 2000s, Indonesia's aggregate national public expenditures on SA permanently increased from 2005 after the central government allocated a portion of the savings from fuel subsidy reforms to a number of SA initiatives. In 2010, national expenditures on SA are estimated at Rp 29,709 billion (USD 3.3 billion), equivalent to 2.6 percent of total national expenditures and 0.5 percent of gross domestic product (GDP). Indonesia's strong fiscal position leaves Indonesia well placed to further increase SA expenditures. Declining debt payments and subsidy reductions have opened up fiscal space over the past decade and supported a general increase in social sector and SA spending. With debt-to-GDP of just 25 percent in 2010, Indonesia could further increase expenditure on both items without raising debt levels. Nonetheless, current expenditures on SA are dwarfed by spending on regressive energy subsidies which in some years consume over 20 percent of total national expenditures. The increase in spending after 2005 primarily reflects greater central government investment in programs to protect poor households from fuel and food shocks as well as large health and education expenses. The central government is the dominant player in the SA sector, accounting for almost 90 percent of total expenditures. In years when the government has increased regulated fuel prices (2005-06 and 2008-09), the largest compensatory SA response has been an unconditional cash transfer program (BLT) to vulnerable households to help cushion them from the inflationary shock.
Accounting --- Administrative Costs --- Baseline Scenario --- Capital Expenditures --- Cash Transfers --- Conflict --- Debt --- Decentralization --- Electricity --- Energy Subsidies --- Financial Crisis --- Food Subsidies --- Gross Domestic Product --- Health Insurance --- Housing --- Human Rights --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- National Security --- Natural Disasters --- Nutrition --- Poverty Reduction --- Public Debt --- Public Health --- Public Sector Development --- Public Spending --- Rural Development --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Savings --- Social Insurance --- Social Protections & Assistance --- Social Protections and Labor --- Social Security System --- Subnational Governments --- Technical Assistance --- Uncertainty --- Urban Poverty --- Villages
Book
ISBN: 1606496778 Year: 2015 Publisher: New York, New York (222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017) : Business Expert Press,
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Macroeconomics is the study of the economy as a whole and of work and saving choices of individual economic agents from which macroeconomic activity emerges. This book takes an integrative approach to that topic, showing how short-run and long-run forces operate simultaneously to determine the behavior of key economic indicators such as employment and real, inflation-adjusted GDP.
Macroeconomics. --- aggregate demand --- aggregate supply --- baseline scenario --- chain-weight method --- classical tradition --- Cobb-Douglas production function --- compensated supply curve --- consumption tax --- contractive monetary and fiscal policy --- cost of capital --- demand multiplier --- depreciation rate --- diminishing marginal rate of substitution --- excess demand --- excess supply --- expansive monetary and fiscal policy --- flat tax --- frictional unemployment --- full employment --- golden rule of economic growth --- Great Contraction --- gross national product --- income effect --- individual equilibrium --- interest parity condition --- intertemporal elasticity of substitution --- INUS --- Keynesian scenario --- labor force participation rate --- labor income --- Laffer curve --- leisure --- longrun aggregate supply --- macro foundations --- marginal effective tax rate --- marginal product --- marginal propensity to consume --- marginal propensity to produce --- marginal rate of substitution --- marginal utility --- micro foundations, money --- natural unemployment rate --- net foreign investment --- new classical economics --- nominal rate of return --- non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment --- non- accelerating inflation rate of labor-force participation --- output supply multiplier --- Phillips curve --- potential GDP --- present value --- purchasing power parity --- rate of time preference --- real rate of return --- replacement rate --- repressed inflation --- repressed wages --- saving rate --- self-reliance rate --- short-run aggregate supply --- stabilization policies --- steady state of economic growth --- structural unemployment --- substitution effect --- supply side economics --- uncompensated supply curve --- unemployment rate
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