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The authors test the hypothesis that product standards harmonized to de facto international standards are less trade restrictive than ones that are not. To do this, the authors construct a new database of European Union (EU) product standards. The authors identify standards that are aligned with ISO standards (as a proxy for de facto international norms). The authors use a sample-selection gravity model to examine the impact of EU standards on African textiles and clothing exports, a sector of particular development interest. The authors find robust evidence that non-harmonized standards reduce African exports of these products. EU standards which are harmonized to ISO standards are less trade restricting. Our results suggest that efforts to promote African exports of manufactures may need to be complemented by measures to reduce the cost impacts of product standards, including international harmonization. In addition, efforts to harmonize national standards with international norms, including through the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement, promise concrete benefits through trade expansion.

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Biotechnology --- Databases, Bibliographic --- Databases, Factual --- Molecular Biology --- Biotechnology. --- National Center for Biotechnology Information (U.S.) --- Chemistry --- Chemical Engineering --- Chemical engineering --- Genetic engineering --- Biochemical Genetics --- Biology, Molecular --- Genetics, Biochemical --- Genetics, Molecular --- Molecular Genetics --- Biochemical Genetic --- Genetic, Biochemical --- Genetic, Molecular --- Molecular Genetic --- Genetic Phenomena --- Data Banks, Factual --- Data Bases, Factual --- Databanks, Factual --- Data Bank, Factual --- Data Base, Factual --- Databank, Factual --- Database, Factual --- Factual Data Bank --- Factual Data Banks --- Factual Data Base --- Factual Data Bases --- Factual Databank --- Factual Databanks --- Factual Database --- Factual Databases --- Bibliographic Database --- Bibliographic Databases --- Database, Bibliographic --- Biotechnologies --- United States. --- National Library of Medicine (U.S.). --- NCBI

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Littérature psychologique --- Psychologische literatuur --- Databases, Bibliographic --- Reference Books --- bibliography --- Databases, Bibliographic. --- Reference Books. --- 159.9 <01> --- -#GROL:MEDO-159.9:024 --- Psychology literature --- Book, Reference --- Books, Reference --- Reference Book --- Textbooks as Topic --- Bibliographic Database --- Bibliographic Databases --- Database, Bibliographic --- Psychologie: zie ook: Psychiatrie: n-{616.89-008} en n-{615.851}--Bibliografieën. Catalogi --- 159.9 <01> Psychologie--Bibliografieën. Catalogi --- 159.9 <01> Psychologie: zie ook: Psychiatrie: n-{616.89-008} en n-{615.851}--Bibliografieën. Catalogi --- Psychologie--Bibliografieën. Catalogi --- Psychological literature --- Psychology --- Libraries --- Research Design --- #GROL:MEDO-159.9:024 --- Data Adjustment --- Data Reporting --- Design, Experimental --- Designs, Experimental --- Error Sources --- Experimental Designs --- Matched Groups --- Methodology, Research --- Problem Formulation --- Research Methodology --- Research Proposal --- Research Strategy --- Research Technics --- Research Techniques --- Scoring Methods --- Experimental Design --- Adjustment, Data --- Adjustments, Data --- Data Adjustments --- Design, Research --- Designs, Research --- Error Source --- Formulation, Problem --- Formulations, Problem --- Group, Matched --- Groups, Matched --- Matched Group --- Method, Scoring --- Methods, Scoring --- Problem Formulations --- Proposal, Research --- Proposals, Research --- Reporting, Data --- Research Designs --- Research Proposals --- Research Strategies --- Research Technic --- Research Technique --- Scoring Method --- Source, Error --- Sources, Error --- Strategies, Research --- Strategy, Research --- Technic, Research --- Technics, Research --- Technique, Research --- Techniques, Research --- Research --- Clinical Trials Data Monitoring Committees --- Factors, Psychological --- Psychological Factors --- Psychological Side Effects --- Psychologists --- Psychosocial Factors --- Side Effects, Psychological --- Factor, Psychological --- Factor, Psychosocial --- Factors, Psychosocial --- Psychological Factor --- Psychological Side Effect --- Psychologist --- Psychosocial Factor --- Side Effect, Psychological --- Library --- Information Services --- Psychological research --- Behavioral sciences --- Mental philosophy --- Mind --- Science, Mental --- Human biology --- Philosophy --- Soul --- Mental health --- Library resources --- methods --- Research Design. --- Libraries. --- Psychology. --- Psychologie --- bibliography. --- Documentation --- Recherche --- Psychological literature. --- Psychology - Library resources. --- Psychology - Research. --- Science --- Databases as Topic --- Information Centers --- Publication Components --- Investigative Techniques --- Bibliographies as Topic --- Publication Formats --- Books --- Behavioral Sciences --- Information Systems --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Publication Characteristics --- Behavioral Disciplines and Activities --- Publications --- Information Science --- Information Storage and Retrieval --- Handbooks --- Methods --- Bibliography --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Communications Media --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Medical Informatics Applications --- Medical Informatics --- Social Sciences