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The mid-eighteenth century witnessed what might be dubbed an economic turn that resolutely changed the trajectory of world history. The discipline of economics itself emerged amidst this turn, and it is frequently traced back to the work of François Quesnay and his school of Physiocracy. Though lionized by the subsequent historiography of economics, the theoretical postulates and policy consequences of Physiocracy were disastrous at the time, resulting in a veritable subsistence trauma in France. This galvanized relentless and diverse critiques of the doctrine not only in France but also throughout the European world that have, hitherto, been largely neglected by scholars. Though Physiocracy was an integral part of the economic turn, it was rapidly overcome, both theoretically and practically, with durable and important consequences for the history of political economy. The Economic Turn brings together some of the leading historians of that moment to fundamentally recast our understanding of the origins and diverse natures of political economy in the Enlightenment.

Physiocrats. --- Economics --- Economic theory --- Political economy --- Social sciences --- Economic man --- Bodenreform --- Economists

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Economics --- Physiocrats --- Grain trade --- Economie politique --- Physiocrates --- Céréales --- Commerce --- Economic theory --- Political economy --- Social sciences --- Economic man --- Céréales --- Bodenreform --- Economists --- Produce trade

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"N'oubliez jamais, Sire, que c'est la faiblesse qui a mis la tête de Charles Ier sur le billot... Je souhaite que le temps ne me justifie pas". Quinze ans avant la chute de Louis XVI, Turgot est le premier - et longtemps le seul - à exposer par écrit au roi les abîmes où celui-ci court. Mais il en va souvent ainsi des Cassandre : Turgot est connu des livres d'histoire pour sa disgrâce expéditive en mai 1776 après deux ans d'un ministère tronqué : il reste comme le rare exemple d'un intellectuel libéral, ayant compris le principe des rendements décroissants en agriculture, partisan de la liberté totale du commerce et capable, avant Adam Smith, de formuler les rudiments de la théorie de l'équilibre économique. Toutes choses qui indiffèrent les Français de 1770 et expliquent la mauvaise réputation de ce précurseur misanthrope. Jean-Pierre Poirier a repris l'ensemble des archives disponibles pour brosser le portrait de ce visionnaire, ami des philosophes, coqueluche des salons de Paris, auteur d'un best-seller pourtant austère. "Réflexions sur la formation et la distribution des richesses". Il montre comment l'intendant de Limoges transforme sa région en laboratoire économique et social, traçant des routes, introduisant des espèces nouvelles, réorganisant la fiscalité et l'urbanisme, expérimentant avec rudesse et efficacité les remèdes qu'il proposera à Louis XVI pour sauver le pays de la banqueroute. Mais Versailles est un nid de vipères et Turgot comme le libéralisme sont vite taxés de révolutionnaires. C'est l'histoire de cette occasion manquée que Jean-Pierre Poirier raconte avec talent.

Bodenreform --- Fysiocraten --- Physiocrates --- Physiocrats --- Hommes d'État --- Libéralisme économique --- Finances publiques --- Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques --- France --- Politique et gouvernement --- Politique économique --- Economics --- History --- 18th century --- Physiocrates.

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Physiocrats --- Enlightenment --- Aufklärung --- Eighteenth century --- Philosophy, Modern --- Rationalism --- Bodenreform --- Economists --- Theses --- Economische geschiedenis. 18e eeuw. --- Europa (West). Economische geschiedenis. 18e eeuw. --- Verlichting (Filosofie) --- Physiocrates. --- Histoire économique. 18e s. --- Europe occidentale. Histoire économique. 18e s. --- Lumières (Philosophie) --- Fysiocraten.

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Physiocrats believed that wealth came exclusively from the land, that nature was fecund and man could harness its reproductive forces. Capital investments in agriculture and hard work would create profits that circulated to other sectors and supported all social institutions. Physiocracy, which originated in late eighteenth-century France, is therefore widely considered a forerunner of modern economic theory. This book places the Physiocrats in context by inscribing economic theory within broader Enlightenment culture. Liana Vardi discusses three theorists - Francois Quesnay; Victor Riquetti, marquis de Mirabeau; and Pierre Samuel Du Pont de Nemours - and shows how their understanding of mental processes, science, politics and the arts influenced their individual approach to economic writing. The difficulty in explaining the doctrine, combined with the expectation that the public would be persuaded by its arguments, mired physiocracy in endless contradictions. This work offers a framework for understanding physiocratic theory and its complicated relation to modern economics.

Physiocrats. --- HISTORY / Europe / General. --- Economic schools --- Economics --- Enlightenment --- Physiocrats --- Bodenreform --- Economists --- Aufklärung --- Eighteenth century --- Philosophy, Modern --- Rationalism --- Economic theory --- Political economy --- Social sciences --- Economic man --- Economics. --- Enlightenment. --- E-books --- Arts and Humanities --- History --- Mouvement des lumières --- Physiocrates