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The nineteenth century was an age of transformation in science, when scientists were rewarded for their startling new discoveries with increased social status and authority. But it was also a time when ordinary people from across the social spectrum were given the opportunity to participate in science, for education, entertainment, or both. In Victorian Britain science could be encountered in myriad forms and in countless locations: in panoramic shows, exhibitions, and galleries; in city museums and country houses; in popular lectures; and even in domestic conversations that revolved around t

Science --- Science museums --- Science centers --- Museums --- Natural science --- Natural sciences --- Science of science --- Sciences --- Social aspects --- History --- Great Britain --- Intellectual life --- 19th century, history, historical, humanities, science, transformation, change, scientists, marketplace, social status, authority, discovery, education, entertainment, victorian period, britain, british, panoramic shows, exhibitions, galleries, museums, lectures, cultural studies, culture, popular sciences, common points of discussion, phrenology, popularity, natural, nature, electricity, anatomy, demonstrations.

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Nineteenth-century paleontologists boasted that, shown a single bone, they could identify or even reconstruct the extinct creature it came from with infallible certainty-"Show me the bone, and I will describe the animal!" Paleontologists such as Georges Cuvier and Richard Owen were heralded as scientific virtuosos, sometimes even veritable wizards, capable of resurrecting the denizens of an ancient past from a mere glance at a fragmentary bone. Such extraordinary feats of predictive reasoning relied on the law of correlation, which proposed that each element of an animal corresponds mutually with each of the others, so that a carnivorous tooth must be accompanied by a certain kind of jawbone, neck, stomach, limbs, and feet. Show Me the Bone tells the story of the rise and fall of this famous claim, tracing its fortunes from Europe to America and showing how it persisted in popular science and literature and shaped the practices of paleontologists long after the method on which it was based had been refuted. In so doing, Gowan Dawson reveals how decisively the practices of the scientific elite were-and still are-shaped by their interactions with the general public.

Paleontology --- Paleontologists --- History --- prehistoric, 19th century, 1800s, britain, british isles, america, international, global, united states, usa, academic, scholarly, research, fieldwork, paleontologist, paleontology, bones, fossils, extinct, animals, dinosaurs, georges cuvier, richard owen, science, scientific, scientist, hypothesis, ancient world, carnivore, herbivore, teeth, classification, biographical, textbook, college, university, naturalist, nature, history, historical.

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Although much has been written about the vigorous debates over science and religion in the Victorian era, little attention has been paid to their continuing importance in early twentieth-century Britain. Reconciling Science and Religion provides a comprehensive survey of the interplay between British science and religion from the late nineteenth century to World War II. Peter J. Bowler argues that unlike the United States, where a strong fundamentalist opposition to evolutionism developed in the 1920's (most famously expressed in the Scopes "monkey trial" of 1925), in Britain there was a concerted effort to reconcile science and religion. Intellectually conservative scientists championed the reconciliation and were supported by liberal theologians in the Free Churches and the Church of England, especially the Anglican "Modernists." Popular writers such as Julian Huxley and George Bernard Shaw sought to create a non-Christian religion similar in some respects to the Modernist position. Younger scientists and secularists-including Rationalists such as H. G. Wells and the Marxists-tended to oppose these efforts, as did conservative Christians, who saw the liberal position as a betrayal of the true spirit of their religion. With the increased social tensions of the 1930's, as the churches moved toward a neo-orthodoxy unfriendly to natural theology and biologists adopted the "Modern Synthesis" of genetics and evolutionary theory, the proposed reconciliation fell apart. Because the tensions between science and religion-and efforts at reconciling the two-are still very much with us today, Bowler's book will be important for everyone interested in these issues.

Religion and science --- History --- scientific, scientist, religious studies, 20th century, britain, british, debate, controversy, controversial, faith, belief, contemporary, modern, present day, victorian, diachronic, history, historical, wwii, wartime, world war, 1800s, united kingdom, fundamentalist, evolution, evolutionism, conservative, liberal, theologian, church, modernist, anglican, sect, rationalist, christianity, christian.

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Among the duties God imposes upon every Muslim capable of doing so is a pilgrimage to the holy places in and around Mecca in Arabia. Not only is it a religious ritual filled with blessings for the millions who make the journey annually, but it is also a social, political, and commercial experience that for centuries has set in motion a flood of travelers across the world's continents. Whatever its outcome--spiritual enrichment, cultural exchange, financial gain or ruin--the road to Mecca has long been an exhilarating human adventure. By collecting the firsthand accounts of these travelers and shaping their experiences into a richly detailed narrative, F. E. Peters here provides an unparalleled literary history of the central ritual of Islam from its remote pre-Islamic origins to the end of the Hashimite Kingdom of the Hijaz in 1926.

Muslim pilgrims and pilgrimages --- Saudi Arabia. --- Mecca --- History. --- Abbasids. --- Abd al-Muttalib. --- Abraham. --- Abu Amir ibn Sayfi. --- Aqaba (town). --- Arab Revolt. --- Baghdad. --- Baladhuri. --- Batanuni. --- Britain, British. --- Burayda. --- Cairo. --- Camel brokers. --- Christians. --- Circumcision. --- Crusaders. --- Damascus. --- Darb Zubayda. --- Darfur. --- Dinet, Edouard. --- Duguet, Firmin. --- East India Company. --- Enver Pasha. --- Evliya Chelebi. --- Fairs. --- Faysal ibn Husayn. --- Gabriel, Angel. --- Ghazali. --- Gibbon, Edward. --- Hadiyya. --- Hadramawt. --- Hagar. --- Hajjis. --- Haram. --- Hashimites. --- Hira, Mount. --- Ibn Abbas. --- Ibn Jubayr. --- Ihram. --- Jabal Shammar. --- Jerusalem. --- Jesus. --- Jurda. --- Karak. --- Karbala. --- Khulays. --- Kufa. --- Lajjun. --- Mahdi, Caliph. --- Majanna. --- Marwa. --- Massawa. --- Medina. --- Mecca (Saudi Arabia)

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With the overwhelming amount of new information that bombards us each day, it is perhaps difficult to imagine a time when the widespread availability of the printed word was a novelty. In early nineteenth-century Britain, print was not novel-Gutenberg's printing press had been around for nearly four centuries-but printed matter was still a rare and relatively expensive luxury. All this changed, however, as publishers began employing new technologies to astounding effect, mass-producing instructive and educational books and magazines and revolutionizing how knowledge was disseminated to the general public. In Steam-Powered Knowledge, Aileen Fyfe explores the activities of William Chambers and the W. & R. Chambers publishing firm during its formative years, documenting for the first time how new technologies were integrated into existing business systems. Chambers was one of the first publishers to abandon traditional skills associated with hand printing, instead favoring the latest innovations in printing processes and machinery: machine-made paper, stereotyping, and, especially, printing machines driven by steam power. The mid-nineteenth century also witnessed dramatic advances in transportation, and Chambers used proliferating railway networks and steamship routes to speed up communication and distribution. As a result, his high-tech publishing firm became an exemplar of commercial success by 1850 and outlived all of its rivals in the business of cheap instructive print. Fyfe follows Chambers's journey from small-time bookseller and self-trained hand-press printer to wealthy and successful publisher of popular educational books on both sides of the Atlantic, demonstrating along the way the profound effects of his and his fellow publishers' willingness, or unwillingness, to incorporate these technological innovations into their businesses.

Publishers and publishing --- Booksellers and bookselling --- Railroads --- Iron horses (Railroads) --- Lines, Railroad --- Rail industry --- Rail lines --- Rail transportation --- Railroad industry --- Railroad lines --- Railroad transportation --- Railway industry --- Railways --- Communication and traffic --- Concessions --- Public utilities --- Transportation --- Trusts, Industrial --- Book sales --- Book industries and trade --- History --- Economic aspects. --- Chambers, William, --- Chambers, Robert, --- Chambers, R. --- Chambers, W. --- William and Robert Chambers --- George Routledge and Sons --- Routledge & Kegan Paul --- Routledge, Warne, & Routledge --- Routledge, Firm, Publishers, London --- Routledge and Sons --- Routledge (George) and Sons --- George Routledge & Sons --- G. Routledge and Sons --- W. and R. Chambers (Firm) --- Chambers (Firm) --- History. --- 655.41 <41> CHAMBERS --- Economic aspects --- Publishing in general. Publishing houses. Publishers--Verenigd Koninkrijk van Groot-Brittannië en Noord-Ierland--CHAMBERS --- Book dealers --- Dealers, Book --- william chambers, glenormistan, scottish, scotland, politics, politician, 19th century, publishing firm, publications, popular education, industrialization, industrial technologies, print, printing, books, periodicals, history, historical, mass production, knowledge, general public, business systems, steam power, machinery, transportation, communication, distribution, great britain, british, publishers, booksellers, book selling, market, competition.