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The distribution of the electrostatic potential in and between the materials in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cells has a major impact on their superior performance. This thesis reported on the nanoscale imaging of the electrostatic potential on untreated cross sections of operating Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells using Kelvin probe force microscopy.

electrostatic potential distribution --- CIGS --- thin-film solar cell --- KPFM

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The direct conversion of sunlight into electricity (photovoltaic or PV for short) is evolving rapidly, and is a technology becoming a mainstream clean energy production method. However, to compete with conventional energy production methods using fossil fuels, the conversion efficiency needs to be increased, and the manufacturing cost should be reduced further. Both of these require the improvement of solar energy materials, and the device architectures used for the conversion of light into electrical energy. This Special Issue presents the latest developments in some solar energy materials like Si, CdTe, CIGS, SnS and Perovskites), and the device structures suitable for next generation solar cells. In particular, the progress in graded bandgap multi-layer solar cells are presented in this Special Issue.

History of engineering & technology --- electroplating --- semiconductors --- large-area electronics --- characterisation --- solar cells --- perovskite solar cell --- hole blocking layer --- solution spin-coating --- TiO2/SnO2 layer --- anti-reflection coating --- potential-induced degradation --- solar cell --- plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition --- organic solar cells --- perovskite solar cells --- encapsulation --- stability --- Cu(In,Ga)Se2 --- mini-module --- numerical simulation --- P1 shunt --- space charge region (SCR) --- TCAD --- transistor effect --- electrodeposition --- CdTe film --- two-electrode configuration --- thin films --- electroplating temperature --- photovoltaic --- CdTe --- CdS --- luminescence --- spectroscopy --- CdSe --- CdTe1−xSex --- photovoltaics --- review --- tin monosulfide --- tin disulfide --- chemical solution process --- absorber --- buffer --- renewable energy --- ethlammonium --- formamidinium --- microstructure --- perovskite --- SnS/SnS2 --- CdS/CdTe --- CIGS --- silicon --- electroplating of semiconductors

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Electronic cigarettes (E-cigarettes), also known as vape devices or by trade names such as JUUL, are handheld devices that aerosolize liquid commonly containing nicotine, humectants and flavorings. Used by 1 in 5 high school students in 2020, they are the most common tobacco product used by youth. E-cigarette use has been associated with a variety of health issues such as nicotine addiction, e-cigarette or vaping associated lung illness (EVALI), seizures, and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. This first-of-its-kind book begins with an introduction and background on the historical context of tobacco products. The next chapters provide an overview of the e-cigarette landscape and reviews the e-cigarette devices and solutions and the evolution of these products. This is followed by reviews of the health effects of e-cigarettes on users and non-users and includes recommendations for prevention and treatment of youth e-cigarette use. The last few chapters address the public health impact of e-cigarettes with a review of the evidence of e-cigarettes in smoking cessation. The book closes with policy and advocacy approaches and a resource page. E-cigarette and vape device use pose a public health crisis. This book contains succinct practical information and is a key reference for pediatricians as well as clinicians of all specialities. It also serves as a resource for health professionals, including tobacco dependence treatment providers and public health experts.

Pediatrics. --- Respiratory organs—Diseases. --- Pneumology/Respiratory System. --- Paediatrics --- Pediatric medicine --- Medicine --- Children --- Diseases --- Health and hygiene --- Electronic cigarettes. --- Teenagers --- Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems. --- Vaping. --- Adolescent. --- Child. --- Tobacco use. --- E-Cigarettes --- E-Cigs --- E-Cig --- E-Cigarette --- Electronic Cigarette --- Electronic Cigarettes --- Electronic Nicotine Delivery System --- Cigarette, Electronic --- Cigarettes, Electronic --- E Cig --- E Cigarette --- E Cigarettes --- E Cigs --- Adolescents --- Teen-agers --- Teens --- Young adults (Teenagers) --- Youth --- E-cigarettes --- Electronic nicotine delivery systems --- Cigarettes --- E-Cig Use --- E-Cigarette Use --- Electronic Cigarette Use --- Vape --- ECig Use --- Ecigarette Use --- Nicotine Vaping --- THC Vaping --- Cigarette Use, Electronic --- E Cig Use --- E Cigarette Use --- E-Cig Uses --- E-Cigarette Uses --- ECig Uses --- Ecigarette Uses --- Electronic Cigarette Uses --- Nicotine Vapings --- THC Vapings --- Use, E-Cig --- Use, E-Cigarette --- Use, ECig --- Use, Ecigarette --- Use, Electronic Cigarette --- Uses, Ecigarette --- Vapes --- Vaping, Nicotine --- Vaping, THC --- Vapings, Nicotine --- Vapings, THC --- E-Cigarette Vapor --- Minors --- Adolescents, Female --- Adolescents, Male --- Adolescence --- Adolescent, Female --- Adolescent, Male --- Female Adolescent --- Female Adolescents --- Male Adolescent --- Male Adolescents --- Teen --- Teenager --- Youths --- Electronic cigarettes --- Health aspects. --- Cigarretes electròniques --- Pipes per a tabac --- Fumadors --- Hàbit de fumar --- Addicció al tabac --- Consum de tabac --- Tabaquisme --- Abús de substàncies --- Conducta compulsiva --- Hàbit --- Cigarretes --- Hàbit de fumar en l'embaràs --- Tabac --- Persones --- Joves --- Adolescents maltractats --- Noies adolescents --- Nois adolescents --- Migrants adolescents --- Infants --- Psicoteràpia dels adolescents --- Psiquiatria de l'adolescència --- Cigarreta electrònica --- E-cigarretes

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sectes --- prévention --- enfants et adolescents --- la santé physique et mentale des enfants --- réinsertion sociale --- méthodes et outils pédagogiques pour la prévention --- la protection des enfants sur le plan du droit civil et pénal --- Norvège --- helping second generation ex-members enter society after leaving isolated religious communities --- new religious movements --- NRM --- 'Save the children - project GO ON' --- Belgique --- CIGS --- FECRIS --- France --- la laïcité face au projet éducatif des mouvements sectaires --- la Mission interministérielle de Lutte contre les Sectes --- MILS --- le département de l'Education nationale en France --- Italie --- psychothérapie --- Scuola Europea di Terapia Ipnotica Amisi di Milano --- studio dell'abuso satanico ovvero sadomasochistico (SRA) nei vari cults --- Suisse --- Comité international pour la Dignité des Enfants --- CIDE --- la pédophilie --- crime organisé --- l'omniprésence d'éléments sectaires --- U.K. --- C.I.C. --- Cult Information Centre --- sectarianism --- human rights --- Espagne --- médecine --- AIS --- continguts doctrinals i control familiar --- manipulació psicologica --- victimologie --- la nuisance sectaire --- Faculté de médecine Lyon I --- droit français --- la maltraitance psychologique sectaire de l'enfant --- psychologue clinique --- l'Université de Buckingham Chilterns --- le fonctionnement psychologique entre la première et la seconde génération d'anciens adeptes de sectes --- Allemagne --- Centre de réhabilitation en Allemagne --- Sektenrehabilitation von Jugendlichen im 'Odenwälder Wohnhof' --- Projekt zur Krisenintervention bei Sektenaussteigern --- Faculty of Applied Social Sciences and Humanities - Buckinghamshire Chilterns University Collage --- Yougoslavie --- neuropsychiatrie et psychothérapie --- l'Association yougoslave pour le Droit en Médecine --- la manipulation mentale des sectes en Yougoslavie et conséquences sur les mineurs --- l'association KIDS à Leverkusen