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Across the world, many politicians deliver benefits to citizens in direct exchange for their votes. Scholars often predict the demise of this phenomenon, as it is threatened by economic development, ballot secrecy and other daunting challenges. To explain its resilience, this book shifts attention to the demand side of exchanges. Nichter contends that citizens play a crucial but underappreciated role in the survival of relational clientelism - ongoing exchange relationships that extend beyond election campaigns. Citizens often undertake key actions, including declared support and requesting benefits, to sustain these relationships. As most of the world's population remains vulnerable to adverse shocks, citizens often depend on such relationships when the state fails to provide an adequate social safety net. Nichter demonstrates the critical role of citizens with fieldwork and original surveys in Brazil, as well as with comparative evidence from Argentina, Mexico and other continents.

Patron and client --- Political participation --- Clientela --- Clientelism --- Patronage, Roman --- Latin America --- Politics and government

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Freedmen (Roman law) --- Patron and client --- Affranchis (Droit romain) --- Patron et client --- Clientela --- Clientelism --- Patronage, Roman --- Roman law --- Patron and client. --- Freedmen (Roman law). --- Freed persons (Roman law)

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Cliens --- Clientela --- Clientelism --- Clientelisme --- Clientes --- Clientèles --- Clientélisme --- Histoire et culture romaines --- Patron and client --- Patronaat --- Patronage [Roman ] --- Patronat --- Patronus en cliens --- Patronus et cliens --- Romeinse geschiedenis en cultuur --- Patron et client --- Rome --- Politics and government --- Politique et gouvernement --- -Clientela --- Patronage, Roman --- Politics and government. --- -Rome --- Patron and client - Rome --- Rome - Politics and government

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This 1996 book is about politics in Brazil during the military regime of 1964-85 and the transition to democracy. Unlike most books about contemporary Brazilian politics that focus on promising signs of change, this book seeks to explain remarkable political continuity in the Brazilian political system. It attributes the persistence of traditional politics and the dominance of regionally based, traditional political elites in particular to the manner in which the economic and political strategies of the military, together with the transition to democracy, reinforced the clientelistic, personalistic, and regional basis of state-society relations. The book focuses on the political competition and representation in the state of Minas Gerais.

Elite (Social sciences) --- Patron and client --- Authoritarianism --- Political science --- Authority --- Clientela --- Clientelism --- Patronage, Roman --- Brazil --- Politics and government --- Autoritarisme --- Elite (Sciences sociales) --- Patron et client --- Brésil --- Politique et gouvernement --- Social Sciences --- Political Science

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What was an "advocate" (Latin: advocatus; German: Vogt) in the Middle Ages? What responsibilities came with the position and how did they change over time? With this groundbreaking study, Jonathan R. Lyon challenges the standard narrative of a "medieval" Europe of feudalism and lordship being replaced by a "modern" Europe of government, bureaucracy and the state. By focusing on the position of advocate, he argues for continuity in corrupt practices of justice and protection between 750 and 1800. This book traces the development of the role of church advocate from the Carolingian period onward and explains why this position became associated with the violent abuse of power on churches' estates. When other types of advocates became common in and around Germany after 1250, including territorial and urban advocates, they were not officeholders in developing bureaucracies. Instead, they used similar practices to church advocates to profit illicitly from their positions, which calls into question scholarly arguments about the decline of violent lordship and the rise of governmental accountability in European history.

Law, Medieval --- Justice, Administration of --- Law, Medieval. --- Patron and client --- History --- Europe --- Politics and government --- Clientela --- Clientelism --- Patronage, Roman --- Administration of justice --- Law --- Courts --- Medieval law --- Law and legislation