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Pharmacology. Therapy --- Mathematical statistics --- Clinical Trials as Topic --- Research --- Statistics as Topic --- Clinical trials --- methods --- Statistical methods --- Clinical Trials --- Statistics --- Statistical methods. --- methods. --- Clinical Trials as Topic - methods --- Research - methods --- Statistics as Topic - methods --- Clinical trials - Statistical methods

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Clinical Trials as Topic --- Biomedical Research --- State Medicine --- Clinical trials --- National health services --- methods --- Decision making --- Clinical Trials as Topic - methods --- Clinical trials - Great Britain --- Clinical trials - Decision making --- National health services - Great Britain --- Standardization and evaluation of drugs

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In this book, the following three approaches to data analysis are presented:  - Test Theory, founded by Sergei V. Yablonskii (1924-1998); the first publications appeared in 1955 and 1958, -           Rough Sets, founded by Zdzisław I. Pawlak (1926-2006); the first publications appeared in 1981 and 1982, -           Logical Analysis of Data, founded by Peter L. Hammer (1936-2006); the first publications appeared in 1986 and 1988. These three approaches have much in common, but researchers active in one of these areas often have a limited knowledge about the results and methods developed in the other two. On the other hand, each of the approaches shows some originality and we believe that the exchange of knowledge can stimulate further development of each of them. This can lead to new theoretical results and real-life applications and, in particular, new results based on combination of these three data analysis approaches can be expected.

Clinical Trials as Topic -- methods. --- Clinical trials. --- Neurology -- Research -- Methodology. --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Civil & Environmental Engineering --- Operations Research --- Computer Science --- Decision logic tables. --- Decision making --- Data processing. --- Decision tables --- Logic structure tables --- Engineering. --- Artificial intelligence. --- Computational intelligence. --- Computational Intelligence. --- Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics). --- Intelligence, Computational --- Artificial intelligence --- Soft computing --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Graphic methods --- Artificial Intelligence.

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Thanks to the omnipresent computer, current statistics can include data files of many thousands of values, and can perform any exploratory analysis in less than seconds. This development, however fascinating, generally does not lead to simple results. We should not forget that clinical studies are, mostly, for confirming prior hypotheses based on sound arguments, and the simplest tests provide the best power and are adequate for such studies. In the past few years the authors of this 5th edition, as teachers and research supervisors in academic and top-clinical facilities, have been able to closely observe the latest developments in the field of clinical data analysis, and they have been able to assess their performance. In this 5th edition the 47 chapters of the previous edition have been maintained and upgraded according to the current state of the art, and 20 novel chapters have been added after strict selection of the most valuable and promising novel methods. The novel methods are explained using practical examples and step-by-step analyses readily accessible for non-mathematicians. All of the novel chapters have been internationally published by the authors in peer-reviewed journal, including the American Journal of Therapeutics, the European Journal of Clinical Investigation, The International journal of Clinical Pharmacology and therapeutics, and other journals, and permission is granted by all of them to use this material in the current book. We should add that the authors are well-qualified in their fields of knowledge. Professor Zwinderman is president-elect of the International Society of Biostatistics, and Professor Cleophas is past-president of the American College of Angiology. From their expertise they should be able to make adequate selections of modern methods for clinical data analysis for the benefit of physicians, students, and investigators. The authors, although from a different discipline, one clinician and one statistician, have been working and publishing together for over 10 years, and their research of statistical methodology can be characterized as a continued effort to demonstrate that statistics is not mathematics but rather a discipline at the interface of biology and mathematics. They firmly believe that any reader can benefit from this clinical approach to statistical data analysis.

Clinical trials -- Statistical methods. --- Clinical Trials as Topic -- methods. --- Data Interpretation, Statistical. --- Drugs -- Testing -- Statistical methods. --- Statistics as Topic --- Evaluation Studies as Topic --- Decision Support Techniques --- Epidemiologic Study Characteristics as Topic --- Epidemiologic Methods --- Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms --- Investigative Techniques --- Medical Informatics Applications --- Quality of Health Care --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Public Health --- Medical Informatics --- Environment and Public Health --- Information Science --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Health Care --- Data Interpretation, Statistical --- Clinical Trials as Topic --- Mathematics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Mathematical Statistics --- Statistics. --- Statistical analysis --- Statistical data --- Statistical methods --- Statistical science --- Medicine. --- Laboratory medicine. --- Internal medicine. --- Biomedicine. --- Biomedicine general. --- Laboratory Medicine. --- Statistics, general. --- Statistics for Life Sciences, Medicine, Health Sciences. --- Internal Medicine. --- Econometrics --- Medical laboratories. --- Medicine, Internal --- Medicine --- Diagnosis, Laboratory --- Health facilities --- Laboratories --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Statistics . --- Biomedicine, general. --- Health Workforce --- Clinical medicine --- Clinical pathology --- Diagnostic laboratory tests --- Laboratory diagnosis --- Laboratory medicine --- Medical laboratory diagnosis --- Diagnosis

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Clinical Trials as Topic --- Statistics as Topic. --- Clinical trials --- Controlled clinical trials --- Patient trials of new treatments --- Randomized clinical trials --- Trials, Clinical --- Clinical medicine --- Human experimentation in medicine --- Area Analysis --- Correlation Studies --- Correlation Study --- Correlation of Data --- Data Analysis --- Estimation Technics --- Estimation Techniques --- Indirect Estimation Technics --- Indirect Estimation Techniques --- Multiple Classification Analysis --- Service Statistics --- Statistical Study --- Statistics, Service --- Tables and Charts as Topic --- Analyses, Area --- Analyses, Data --- Analyses, Multiple Classification --- Analysis, Area --- Analysis, Data --- Analysis, Multiple Classification --- Area Analyses --- Classification Analyses, Multiple --- Classification Analysis, Multiple --- Data Analyses --- Data Correlation --- Data Correlations --- Estimation Technic --- Estimation Technic, Indirect --- Estimation Technics, Indirect --- Estimation Technique --- Estimation Technique, Indirect --- Estimation Techniques, Indirect --- Indirect Estimation Technic --- Indirect Estimation Technique --- Multiple Classification Analyses --- Statistical Studies --- Studies, Correlation --- Studies, Statistical --- Study, Correlation --- Study, Statistical --- Technic, Estimation --- Technic, Indirect Estimation --- Technics, Estimation --- Technics, Indirect Estimation --- Technique, Estimation --- Technique, Indirect Estimation --- Techniques, Estimation --- Techniques, Indirect Estimation --- methods. --- Research --- Statistics as Topic --- methods --- Pharmacology. Therapy --- Statistical science --- Mathematical statistics --- Clinical Trials --- Clinical trials. --- Clinical Trials as Topic - methods