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This book offers a truly interdisciplinary exploration of our patterns of engagement with politics, news, and information in current high-choice information environments. Putting forth the notion that high-choice information environments may contribute to increasing misperceptions and knowledge resistance rather than greater public knowledge, the book offers insights into the processes that influence the supply of misinformation and factors influencing how and why people expose themselves to and process information that may support or contradict their beliefs and attitudes. A team of authors from across a range of disciplines address the phenomena of knowledge resistance and its causes and consequences at the macro- as well as the micro-level. The chapters take a philosophical look at the notion of knowledge resistance, before moving on to discuss issues such as misinformation and fake news, psychological mechanisms such as motivated reasoning in processes of selective exposure and attention, how people respond to evidence and fact-checking, the role of political partisanship, political polarization over factual beliefs, and how knowledge resistance might be counteracted. This book will have a broad appeal to scholars and students interested in knowledge resistance, primarily within philosophy, psychology, media and communication, and political science, as well as journalists and policymakers.

Fake news. --- Skepticism. --- Political culture. --- Culture --- Political science --- Scepticism --- Unbelief --- Agnosticism --- Belief and doubt --- Free thought --- Disinformation --- Hoaxes --- Journalism --- affective polarization --- anti-vaxx --- attitudes --- attitude-consistent information --- attitude-discrepant Information --- beliefs attitudes knowledge --- biased information processing --- citizens as co-producers of information --- citizens as disseminators of information --- citizens as media consumers --- citizen knowledge motivated reasoning fact-checking --- climate change --- climate change denial --- cognition --- cognitive ability --- cognitive dissonance knowledge resistance --- cognitive dissonance political polarization --- communication --- communication knowledge resistance --- confirmation bias knowledge resistance --- confirmation bias political polarization --- conspiracies --- conspiracy theories --- conspiracy theorists --- contemporary high-choice media environments --- contradictory information --- counteracting knowledge resistance --- credibility perceptions knowledge resistance --- death of expertise --- denying expert authority

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The book focuses on how different generations perceive fake news, including young and middle-age groups of people, multiple age groups, university students and adults in general, elementary students, children, and adolescents. It provides insights into the different methodologies available with which to research fake news from a generational perspective.

Philosophy --- fake news and online information --- children and adolescents and fake news --- vulnerability to fake news --- age --- confirmation bias --- fake news --- heuristic approach --- politics --- source --- wild wide web --- new literacies --- web literacy --- critical thinking --- reliability reasoning --- libraries --- librarians --- disinformation --- literacy practices --- open-access resources --- conspiracy theories --- COVID-19 pandemic --- digital disinformation --- religiosity --- fake news incidence --- “fake news” and potentially manipulative content --- digital media --- generational approach --- media literacy --- n/a --- online content --- factor assessment --- trustworthiness --- gender --- education level --- "fake news" and potentially manipulative content

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"In a post-truth, fake news world, we are particularly susceptible to the claims of pseudoscience. When emotions and opinions are more widely disseminated than scientific findings, and self-proclaimed experts get their expertise from Google, how can the average person distinguish real science from fake? This book examines pseudoscience from a variety of perspectives, through case studies, analysis, and personal accounts that show how to recognize pseudoscience, why it is so widely accepted, and how to advocate for real science."--Back cover.

Pseudoscience. --- Pseudoscience --- Parasciences --- COGNITIVE SCIENCES/Psychology/Cognitive Psychology --- SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY/General --- the study of pseudoscience --- the psychology of (pseudo)science --- causality --- cognitive bias --- hard science --- soft science --- research on the hierarchy of the sciences --- society --- crop biotechnology --- naturopathic medicine --- the overprotection of the next generation --- the anti-vaccine movement --- scientific (or pseudoscientific) soundness --- pseudoscience vulnerability --- critical thinking --- science literacy --- scientific failure --- the process of science --- evidence-based practice --- prevention research --- the problem of predatory journals --- peer-reviewed journals --- pseudoscience in the mainstream --- epistemological development --- 'integrative' medicine --- quackery --- science-based medicine --- hypnosis --- abuses and misuses of intelligence tests --- parapsychology --- science activism --- case studies --- pseudoscience culture --- HIV --- AIDS --- AIDS denialism --- the inoculation effect --- confirmation bias --- pattern recognition --- search for meaning

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"In this book the philosophers Steve Nadler and Lawrence Shapiro will explain why bad thinking happens to good people. Why is it, they ask, that so large a segment of public can go so wrong in both how they come to form the opinions they do and how they fail to appreciate the moral consequences of acting on them. Their diagnosis of the current state of affairs in America, at least, is this: a significant proportion of the population is stupid. They intend this not as mere name-calling, but a diagnosis of a problem that we neglect at our peril. By "stupid" they do not mean lacking intelligence, knowledge, education, skill or savvy. Stupidity, as they understand it, is a character flaw deserving of blame. Unlike ignorance or lack of intelligence-and bearing in mind that even very smart people can be stupid-it is generally avoidable. Stupid people do not have to be stupid. But they typically refuse to take the steps that would cure them of their condition. This book is our effort to illuminate the various dimensions of stupidity so that it might be more easily recognized and treated. The philosophical subjects of epistemology, which addresses what knowledge is and how to distinguish knowing something from merely believing it, and ethics, the study of the moral principles that ought to govern our behavior, can help us understand the difficult and perilous situation in which we now find ourselves. As philosophers, Nadler and Shapiro will aim to offer a way forward through the tools of philosophy-its questions, its methods and even its millennia-old history of recommendations for how to lead a good and rational life. As they will show, the most potent antidote to stupidity is the wisdom and insights, as well as the practical skills provided by philosophy and its history"-- "Why the tools of philosophy offer a powerful antidote to today's epidemic of irrationalityThere is an epidemic of bad thinking in the world today. An alarming number of people are embracing crazy, even dangerous, ideas. They believe that vaccinations cause autism. They reject the scientific consensus on climate change as a "hoax." And they blame the spread of COVID-19 on the 5G network or a Chinese cabal. Worse, bad thinking drives bad acting-it even inspired a mob to storm the U.S. Capitol. In this book, Steven Nadler and Lawrence Shapiro argue that the best antidote for bad thinking and acting is the wisdom, insights, and practical skills of philosophy. When Bad Thinking Happens to Good People provides an engaging tour through the basic principles of logic, argument, evidence, and probability that can make all of us more reasonable and responsible citizens.When Bad Thinking Happens to Good People shows how we can more readily spot and avoid flawed arguments and unreliable information; determine whether evidence supports or contradicts an idea; distinguish between merely believing something and knowing it; and much more. In doing so, the book reveals how epistemology, which addresses the nature of belief and knowledge, and ethics, the study of moral principles that should govern our behavior, can reduce bad thinking and bad action. Moreover, the book shows why philosophy's millennia-old advice about how to lead a good, rational, and examined life is essential for escaping our current predicament.In a world in which irrationality has exploded to deadly effect, When Bad Thinking Happens to Good People is a timely and essential guide for a return to reason"--

Thought and thinking. --- Fallacies (Logic) --- Abductive reasoning. --- Admonition. --- Akrasia. --- Aphorism. --- Apology (Plato). --- Baruch Spinoza. --- Base rate fallacy. --- Base rate. --- Causality. --- Certainty. --- Climate change. --- Confirmation bias. --- Consideration. --- Conspiracy theory. --- Copyright. --- Cover-up. --- Decision-making. --- Deductive reasoning. --- Deed. --- Deliberation. --- Discretion. --- Disgust. --- Disjunctive syllogism. --- Embarrassment. --- Epistemology. --- Ethics. --- Eudaimonia. --- Euthyphro (prophet). --- Euthyphro. --- Evidentialism. --- Existence of God. --- Explanation. --- Fallacy. --- Feeling. --- Good and evil. --- Gun control. --- Hoax. --- Hypothesis. --- Idiot. --- Inductive reasoning. --- Inference. --- Instance (computer science). --- Irrationality. --- Laziness. --- Literature. --- Logic. --- Mathematician. --- Meditations on First Philosophy. --- Morality. --- Nicomachean Ethics. --- Objectivity (philosophy). --- Observation. --- Of Education. --- Phenomenon. --- Philosopher. --- Philosophy of science. --- Philosophy. --- Phronesis. --- Piety. --- Plato. --- Police officer. --- Politician. --- Practical reason. --- Pre-Socratic philosophy. --- Prejudice. --- Premise. --- Premises. --- Principle. --- Probability. --- Psychologist. --- Quantity. --- Racism. --- Rationality. --- Reason. --- Reasonable person. --- Requirement. --- Result. --- Science. --- Scientific method. --- Scientist. --- Security guard. --- Self-control. --- Shame. --- Skepticism. --- Slippery slope. --- Soundness. --- State of affairs (sociology). --- Stupidity. --- Suffering. --- Suggestion. --- The Philosopher. --- The unexamined life is not worth living. --- Theft. --- Theory of justification. --- Theory. --- Thought. --- Truism. --- Uncertainty. --- Vaccination. --- Validity.

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Chris Chambers draws on his own experiences as a working scientist to reveal a dark side to psychology that few of us ever see. Using the seven deadly sins as a metaphor, he shows how practitioners are vulnerable to powerful biases that undercut the scientific method, how they routinely torture data until it produces outcomes that can be published in prestigious journals, and how studies are much less reliable than advertised. He reveals how a culture of secrecy denies the public and other researchers access to the results of psychology experiments, how fraudulent academics can operate with impunity, and how an obsession with bean counting creates perverse incentives for academics ... Outlining a core set of best practices that can be applied across the sciences, Chambers demonstrates how all these sins can be corrected by embracing open science, an emerging philosophy that seeks to make research and its outcomes as transparent as possible. Provided by publisher. Psychological science has made extraordinary discoveries about the human mind, but can we trust everything its practitioners are telling us? In recent years, it has become increasingly apparent that a lot of research in psychology is based on weak evidence, questionable practices, and sometimes even fraud. The Seven Deadly Sins of Psychology diagnoses the ills besetting the discipline today and proposes sensible, practical solutions to ensure that it remains a legitimate and reliable science in the years ahead. In this unflinchingly candid manifesto, Chris Chambers draws on his own experiences as a working scientist to reveal a dark side to psychology that few of us ever see. Using the seven deadly sins as a metaphor, he shows how practitioners are vulnerable to powerful biases that undercut the scientific method, how they routinely torture data until it produces outcomes that can be published in prestigious journals, and how studies are much less reliable than advertised. He reveals how a culture of secrecy denies the public and other researchers access to the results of psychology experiments, how fraudulent academics can operate with impunity, and how an obsession with bean counting creates perverse incentives for academics. Left unchecked, these problems threaten the very future of psychology as a science but help is here. Outlining a core set of best practices that can be applied across the sciences, Chambers demonstrates how all these sins can be corrected by embracing open science, an emerging philosophy that seeks to make research and its outcomes as transparent as possible. Publisher's description

Psychology --- Psychologie --- Research --- Methodology --- Recherche --- Méthodologie --- Psychology, Clinical. --- Methodology. --- Research. --- Philosophy of science --- Méthodologie --- Recherche. --- Méthodologie. --- Psychological research --- Psychology, Clinical --- Academic publishing. --- Adversarial collaboration. --- Alzheimer's disease. --- Ambiguity. --- American Psychological Association. --- Article processing charge. --- Author. --- Bayes' theorem. --- Bayesian. --- Blog. --- Calculation. --- Career. --- Center for Open Science. --- Cherry picking. --- Cognitive psychology. --- Confirmation bias. --- Counting. --- Criticism. --- Data set. --- Data. --- Edition (book). --- Editorial. --- Effect size. --- Estimation. --- Experiment. --- Experimental psychology. --- Explanation. --- Fallacy. --- False positive rate. --- Finding. --- Fraud. --- Funding. --- Guideline. --- Hypothetico-deductive model. --- Impact factor. --- Independent scientist. --- Institution. --- Jargon. --- John Bargh. --- Law of small numbers. --- Literature. --- Manuscript. --- Meta-analysis. --- Misconduct. --- Narrative. --- Null hypothesis. --- Open science. --- P-value. --- PLOS ONE. --- PLOS. --- Paperback. --- Participant. --- Paywall. --- Peer review. --- Percentage. --- Post hoc analysis. --- Postdoctoral researcher. --- Precognition. --- Prevalence. --- Probability. --- Psychiatry. --- Psychological Science. --- Psychological research. --- Psychologist. --- Psychology. --- Psychonomic Society. --- Publication bias. --- Publication. --- Publishing. --- Quantity. --- Raw data. --- Reprimand. --- Reproducibility. --- Reputation. --- Requirement. --- Result. --- Reuse. --- Sample Size. --- Sampling (statistics). --- Science. --- Scientific literature. --- Scientific method. --- Scientific misconduct. --- Scientist. --- Scrutiny (journal). --- Scrutiny. --- Sharing. --- Signature. --- Social psychology. --- Statistical hypothesis testing. --- Statistical power. --- Statistical significance. --- Statistician. --- Statistics. --- Suggestion. --- Tilburg University. --- Type I and type II errors. --- Whistleblower. --- Writing. --- Méthodologie.