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"How do armies fight and what makes them victorious on the modern battlefield? In Divided Armies, Jason Lyall challenges long-standing answers to this classic question by linking the fate of armies to their levels of inequality. Introducing the concept of military inequality, Lyall demonstrates how a state's prewar choices about the citizenship status of ethnic groups within its population determine subsequent battlefield performance. Treating certain ethnic groups as second-class citizens, either by subjecting them to state-sanctioned discrimination or, worse, violence, undermines interethnic trust, fuels grievances, and leads victimized soldiers to subvert military authorities once war begins. The higher an army's inequality, Lyall finds, the greater its rates of desertion, side-switching, casualties, and use of coercion to force these soldiers to fight. In a sweeping historical investigation, Lyall draws on Project Mars, a new dataset of 250 conventional wars fought since 1800, to test this argument. Project Mars breaks with prior efforts by including overlooked non-Western wars while cataloguing new patterns of inequality and wartime conduct across hundreds of belligerents. Combining historical comparisons and statistical analysis, Lyall also marshals evidence from nine wars, ranging from the Eastern Fronts of World War I and II to less familiar wars in Africa and Central Asia, to illustrate inequality's effects. Sounding the alarm on the dangers of inequality, Divided Armies offers important lessons about battlefield performance over two centuries--and for wars still to come"--

Discrimination in the military --- Unit cohesion (Military science) --- Military readiness --- Military policy --- Sociology, Military. --- Psychology, Military. --- Social aspects. --- 16th Army (Soviet Union). --- Aircraft. --- Alimqul. --- Ammunition. --- Armistice. --- Armoured warfare. --- Army. --- Artillery. --- Assassination. --- Austria-Hungary. --- Baggara. --- Battle of Moscow. --- Battle. --- Belligerent. --- Blockade. --- Brigadier general (United States). --- Brigadier general. --- British Armed Forces. --- Calculation. --- Cambridge University Press. --- Cavalry. --- Central Asia. --- Collective punishment. --- Combat. --- Combined arms. --- Conscription. --- Conventional warfare. --- Correlates of War. --- Counter-offensive. --- Counterattack. --- Decision-making. --- Defection. --- Desertion. --- Disadvantage. --- Division (military). --- Encirclement. --- Envelopment. --- Ethnic group. --- Exclusion. --- Extrajudicial punishment. --- Feint. --- Fengtian clique. --- Field force. --- Fifth column. --- Finding. --- Fortification. --- Frontal assault. --- Great power. --- Historiography. --- Infantry. --- International relations. --- Italo-Turkish War. --- Kokand. --- Logistics. --- Looting. --- Mass arrest. --- Mercenary. --- Military organization. --- Military service. --- Military technology. --- Military. --- Morale. --- Nation-building. --- National security. --- Obstacle. --- Officer (armed forces). --- Omdurman. --- Order of battle. --- Ottoman Empire. --- Politician. --- Prisoner of war. --- Project. --- Red team. --- Refusal. --- Regiment. --- Reinforcement. --- Reprisal. --- Rifle. --- Russians. --- Second Congo War. --- Setback (architecture). --- Skirmisher. --- State-building. --- Superiority (short story). --- Taliban. --- Tax. --- Total war. --- Trade-off. --- Troop. --- Turncoat. --- Under arms. --- Unrest. --- Vulnerability. --- War effort. --- War. --- Warfare. --- Weapon. --- Wehrmacht. --- World War I. --- World War II.

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What determines the strategies by which a state mobilizes resources for war? And does war preparation strengthen or weaken the state in relation to society? In addressing these questions, Michael Barnett develops a novel theoretical framework that traces the connection between war preparation and changes in state-society relations, and applies that framework to Egypt from 1952 to 1977 and Israel from 1948 through 1977. Confronting the Costs of War addresses major issues in international relations, comparative politics, and Middle Eastern studies.

Civil-military relations --- Relations pouvoir civil-pouvoir militaire --- History --- Egypt --- Israel --- Israël --- Egypte --- Military policy. --- Politics and government. --- Politics and government --- Politique militaire --- Politique et gouvernement --- 810 Theorie en Methode --- 830 Economie --- 836 (Multi-)nationale ondernemingen --- 837 Financiën en Bankwezen --- 841 Politiek Bestel --- 842 Media --- 850 Vrede- en conflictstudies --- 855 Oorlogsvoering --- 870 Defensie en Wapens --- 881.3 Noord-Afrika --- 883.4 West-Azië --- Civil-military relations. --- Israël --- Military and civilian power --- Military-civil relations --- Ägypten --- Egitto --- Egipet --- Egiptos --- Miṣr --- Southern Region (United Arab Republic) --- Egyptian Region (United Arab Republic) --- Iqlīm al-Janūbī (United Arab Republic) --- Egyptian Territory (United Arab Republic) --- Egipat --- Arab Republic of Egypt --- A.R.E. --- ARE (Arab Republic of Egypt) --- Jumhūrīyat Miṣr al-ʻArabīyah --- Mitsrayim --- Egipt --- Ijiptʻŭ --- Misri --- Ancient Egypt --- Gouvernement royal égyptien --- Executive power --- Sociology, Military --- Military government --- Égypte --- جمهورية مصر العربية --- مِصر‎ --- مَصر‎ --- Maṣr --- Khēmi --- エジプト --- Ejiputo --- Egypti --- Egypten --- מצרים --- United Arab Republic --- Arab Cold War. --- Arab–Israeli conflict. --- Arms industry. --- Austerity. --- Authoritarianism. --- Bourgeoisie. --- Capitalism. --- Colonialism. --- Comparative politics. --- Conscription. --- Correlates of War. --- Counter-insurgency. --- Criticisms of socialism. --- David Ben-Gurion. --- Domestic policy. --- Economic development. --- Economic growth. --- Economic nationalism. --- Economic policy. --- Economic power. --- Economic problem. --- Economics. --- Economy. --- Egyptian Government. --- Embargo. --- External debt. --- Failed state. --- Foreign policy. --- Great power. --- Hard currency. --- High politics. --- Histadrut. --- Hostility. --- Ideology. --- Imperialism. --- Industrialisation. --- International relations. --- Israelis. --- Liberalization. --- Mapai. --- Marxism. --- Militarism. --- Militarization. --- Military Keynesianism. --- Military service. --- Military strategy. --- Military threat. --- Military–industrial complex. --- National security. --- Nationalization. --- Neocolonialism. --- Neorealism (international relations). --- On War. --- Origins of the Cold War. --- Overproduction. --- Policy. --- Political Order in Changing Societies. --- Political alienation. --- Political economy. --- Politics Among Nations. --- Politics. --- Populism. --- Power politics. --- Private sector. --- Public expenditure. --- Public sector. --- Radicalism (historical). --- Radicalization. --- Realigning election. --- Realism (international relations). --- Requirement. --- Right-wing politics. --- Security dilemma. --- Security studies. --- Shortage. --- Soviet Union. --- State (polity). --- State formation. --- States and Social Revolutions. --- Strategic goal (military). --- Strategy. --- Tariff. --- Tax. --- Theory of International Politics. --- Third World. --- Total war. --- Trade barrier. --- Undue hardship. --- War bond. --- War economy. --- War effort. --- War of Attrition. --- War studies. --- War. --- Warfare. --- World Politics. --- World War I. --- World War II. --- Yom Kippur War. --- Zionism.