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This volume of 'Research in the Sociology of Health Care' analyses micro-level gender issues and other social factors impacting macro-level health care systems. Examining the health and health care issues of patients and providers of care both in the United States and in other countries, chapters focus on linkages to policy and population concerns as ways to meet global health care needs.

Medical care --- Delivery of health care --- Delivery of medical care --- Health care --- Health care delivery --- Health services --- Healthcare --- Medical and health care industry --- Medical services --- Personal health services --- Public health --- Sex differences. --- Women's Health Services. --- Maternal Health Services. --- Healthcare Disparities. --- Sociological Factors. --- Sexism. --- Social Attributes --- Social Characteristics --- Social Traits --- Sociological Characteristics --- Sociological Phenomena --- Attribute, Social --- Attributes, Social --- Characteristic, Sociological --- Characteristics, Social --- Characteristics, Sociological --- Factor, Sociological --- Factors, Sociological --- Phenomena, Sociological --- Social Attribute --- Social Trait --- Sociological Characteristic --- Sociological Factor --- Trait, Social --- Traits, Social --- Sex Discrimination --- Gender Bias --- Gender Discrimination --- Sex Bias --- Sexual Discrimination --- Bias, Gender --- Bias, Sex --- Discrimination, Gender --- Discrimination, Sex --- Discrimination, Sexual --- Health Care Disparities --- Health Care Inequalities --- Healthcare Disparity --- Healthcare Inequalities --- Disparities, Healthcare --- Disparities, Health Care --- Disparity, Health Care --- Disparity, Healthcare --- Health Care Disparity --- Health Care Inequality --- Healthcare Inequality --- Inequalities, Health Care --- Inequalities, Healthcare --- Inequality, Health Care --- Inequality, Healthcare --- Health Services, Maternal --- Services, Maternal Health --- Health Service, Maternal --- Maternal Health Service --- Maternal Health --- Maternal Welfare --- Health Services, Woman's --- Services, Woman's Health --- Services, Women's Health --- Woman's Health Services --- Health Services, Women's --- Health Service, Woman's --- Health Service, Women's --- Health Services, Woman --- Health Services, Womans --- Health Services, Women --- Service, Woman's Health --- Service, Women's Health --- Services, Woman Health --- Services, Womans Health --- Services, Women Health --- Services, Womens Health --- Woman Health Services --- Woman's Health Service --- Women Health Services --- Women's Health Service --- Women's health services. --- Cancer in women. --- Social Science --- Medical sociology. --- Sociology --- General. --- Health services for women --- Women --- Services for --- Diseases

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"In 1968, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) implemented sex testing for female athletes at that year's Games. When it became clear that testing regimes failed to delineate a sex divide, the IOC began to test for gender --a shift that allowed the organization to control the very idea of womanhood. Lindsay Parks Pieper explores sex testing in sport from the 1930s to the early 2000s. Focusing on assumptions and goals as well as means, Pieper examines how the IOC in particular insisted on a misguided binary notion of gender that privileged Western norms. Testing evolved into a tool to identify--and eliminate--athletes the IOC deemed too strong, too fast, or too successful. Pieper shows how this system punished gifted women while hindering the development of women's athletics for decades. She also reveals how the flawed notions behind testing--ideas often sexist, racist, or ridiculous--degraded the very idea of female athleticism"-- "To assess the long-lasting significance of sex testing in sport, this book explores its history, from the 1930s to the early 2000s, with particular emphasis on the International Olympic Committee's mandated compulsory sex checks on all female competitors. In 1968 the Medical Commission implemented the first test of the modern Olympic Movement. The procedure intended to guarantee the authenticity of Olympic competitors and identify male masqueraders, as well as to scientifically confirm the separation of men and women in athletic competition. Although the Medical Commission never discovered a single male imposter, and the test illustrated the impossibility of determining the exact constitution of woman, the IOC maintained the policy for three decades. With both the impossibility of discovering a clear sex divide and the increased presence of female dopers, the IOC adjusted its semantic framework to encapsulate gender normativity. The conspicuous adjustment from sex to gender underscored the Medical Commission's changing anxieties. Rather than to catch men disguised as women, the test evolved into a measure to preclude female Olympians with biological advantages. In other words, the Medical Commission eventually viewed gender verification as a tool to eliminate competitors it deemed too strong, too fast or too successful for women's competition. Olympic womanhood--dependent on a belief in natural, dichotomous sex/gender difference--required female athletes to conform to conventional notions of white, Western femininity. Through these regulations, the IOC has continuously reaffirmed a binary notion of sex, privileged white gender norms and hampered female athleticism"--

SPORTS & RECREATION / Olympics. --- SOCIAL SCIENCE / Women's Studies. --- SOCIAL SCIENCE / Gender Studies. --- Sports --- Sex discrimination in sports. --- Women athletes --- Field sports --- Pastimes --- Recreations --- Recreation --- Athletics --- Games --- Outdoor life --- Physical education and training --- Sex differences. --- Physiology. --- IOC Medical Commission. --- International Olympic Committee. --- Sex discrimination in sports --- Athletes --- Athletic Performance --- Sex Characteristics --- Sexism --- Gender Identity --- Racism --- 612:796 --- 316.7:796 --- 796.032 --- 316.371 --- Covert Racism --- Racial Bias --- Racial Discrimination --- Racial Prejudice --- Bias, Racial --- Covert Racisms --- Discrimination, Racial --- Discriminations, Racial --- Prejudice, Racial --- Prejudices, Racial --- Racial Discriminations --- Racial Prejudices --- Racism, Covert --- Racisms, Covert --- Apartheid --- Gender --- Gender Identities --- Identity, Gender --- Transgender Persons --- Sex Discrimination --- Gender Bias --- Gender Discrimination --- Sex Bias --- Sexual Discrimination --- Bias, Gender --- Bias, Sex --- Discrimination, Gender --- Discrimination, Sex --- Discrimination, Sexual --- Sexual Dimorphism --- Gender Characteristics --- Gender Differences --- Gender Dimorphism --- Sex Differences --- Sex Dimorphism --- Sexual Dichromatism --- Characteristic, Gender --- Characteristic, Sex --- Dichromatism, Sexual --- Dichromatisms, Sexual --- Difference, Sex --- Dimorphism, Gender --- Dimorphism, Sex --- Dimorphism, Sexual --- Gender Characteristic --- Gender Difference --- Gender Dimorphisms --- Sex Characteristic --- Sex Difference --- Sex Dimorphisms --- Sexual Dichromatisms --- Sexual Dimorphisms --- Sexual Selection --- Sex --- Sports Performance --- Athletic Performances --- Performance, Athletic --- Performance, Sports --- Performances, Athletic --- Performances, Sports --- Sports Performances --- Psychomotor Performance --- Elite Athletes --- Professional Athletes --- Athlete --- Athlete, Elite --- Athlete, Professional --- Athletes, Elite --- Athletes, Professional --- Elite Athlete --- Professional Athlete --- 612:796 Fysiologie van de sport --- Fysiologie van de sport --- 316.371 Gender --- 796.032 Olympische gedachte. Olympische beweging --- Olympische gedachte. Olympische beweging --- 316.7:796 Sociologie van de sport --- Sociologie van de sport --- Physiology --- Sex differences --- Everyday Racism --- Racism, Everyday --- Gender identity. --- Sex identity (Gender identity) --- Sexual identity (Gender identity) --- Identity (Psychology) --- Sex (Psychology) --- Queer theory --- Antiracism --- Gender Issues --- Gender dysphoria