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Southern oscillation --- Environmental aspects. --- El Niño Current. --- El Niño Current

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The El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon is a recurrent feature of the climate in tropical regions. A primary example of large scale coupled ocean-atmosphere interactions, ENSO has received much attention in past years, as a result of widespread climatic anomalies (severe drought and floods, Indian monsoon failure, etc.) that are often associated with the development of such episodes. To enhance our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the low frequency behavior of ENSO and to help improve our ability to forecast the future behavior of this phenomenon, we have combined analysis of the modern aspects of ENSO morphology, modelling and variability with chapters dealing with its historical and prehistorical behavior. this volume examines different approaches to reconstructing ENSO based on a variety of proxy sources. It also illustrates how, in the past, the climatic manifestations associated with ENSO may have been different, in the frequency of occurrence as well as amplitude. This book will be of importance to all professional scientists and researchers in climatology, meteorology and the earth and environmental sciences, while graduate students in these disciplines will find the book a useful reference source.

Southern oscillation --- El Niño Current --- Southern Oscillation --- Southern oscillation. --- El Niño Current. --- El Niño Current

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Ocean circulation --- Differentiable dynamical systems --- El Niňo Current

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In terms of its impact on poverty, the recent economic crisis in the Philippines was more of an El Nino phenomenon than a financial crisis.

El Nino Current --- Financial crises --- Income distribution --- Poverty --- Economic aspects --- Philippines --- Economic conditions

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Ocean --- Ocean currents --- Gulf Stream --- El Niño Current --- Ocean waves --- Tsunamis --- Coasts --- Tides --- Coral reefs and islands --- Sharks --- Cetacea --- Zooplankton