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Crystalline electric field.

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Nowadays, the development of magnetic data storage devices technique faces fundamental limitations which lead to a slow-down of the increase of areal storage density. Therefore, magnetoelectric coupling which allows to change the magnetic state of matter by means of an electric field attracted significant interest. In this work, scanning tunneling microscopy was used to show for the first time that magnetic information can be written on the nanometer scale by the application of electric fields.

magnetoelectric --- Iron --- electric field --- STM --- nanomagnetism

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Modulation spectroscopy --- Electric field modulation --- Stress modulation --- Solids. --- Modulation spectroscopy. --- Exciton theory. --- Spectrum analysis.

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Chemistry, Physical and theoretical. --- Donnan equilibrium. --- Elastic systems. --- Electric field. --- Gas adsorption. --- Imperfect gases. --- Imperfect solutions. --- Irreversibele thermodynamics. --- Osmotic pressure. --- Surfaces. --- Thermodynamics.

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This book entitled “Protein Crystallization under the Presence of an Electric Field” covers recent trends and original contributions on the use of electric fields (internal and external) for applications for nucleation control and the effect on the kinetics of crystallization processes. This book also includes basic strategies for growing crystals of biological macromolecules for characterization via X-ray and neutron diffraction as well as using modern X-ray-free electron-lasers. There are six main topics covered on this book, including recent insights into the crystallization process from nucleation and growth peculiarities, when using different kinds of electric fields; the effect of external electric fields on the kinetics of the dislocation-free growth of model proteins; the use of very strong external electric fields for the crystallization of a model protein glucose isomerase; and the use of alternant electric fields using different kinds of pulses and their combination with strong magnetic fields. There are also contributions related to applications in developing electron-transfer devices as well as graphene-based platforms for electrocrystallization and in situ X-ray diffraction characterization.

porous silicon --- silanes --- microbatch method --- growth kinetics --- impact of electric fields on the protein crystallization --- cytochrome C nucleation and crystallization --- protein infiltration --- I–V characteristics --- electric fields --- number density --- protein crystallization --- protein crystals --- electron-transfer biomolecular devices --- external DC electric field --- classical and two-step nucleation mechanisms --- macromolecular crystallography --- in situ diffraction --- external and internal electric fields --- size and quality of protein crystals --- lysozyme --- magnetic fields --- electrical properties --- gel-growth --- crystal growth in solution --- electric field --- pulse-wave --- crystal quality --- crystallization --- serial crystallography --- microfluidics --- electrocrystallization