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Sustainable development --- Emission control --- Climate change --- Development projects --- European Union

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MARPOL Annex VI regulates the emissions from all ships trading internationally. Ship owners must take actions before the lowest limits come into force. The combined challenges of rising oil prices and increasing regulatory stringency on shipping’s air emissions justify the exploration of feasibilities between compliant technologies. This study focuses on the scrubber technology for large marine engines with which ships can continue to use preferable cheap heavy fuel oil (HFO) without exceeding the emission control limits. It draws on existing technical and economical information about scrubber systems in the market to establish a complete life cycle cost analysis for four vessel types: Containership, passenger ship, Ro-Pax and tanker. 

An investigation of the technology overview, cost data, emission reduction efficiency, impact of installations, operational issues and installation case studies is conducted. Environmental impacts such as wash water discharge, sludge disposal and end-of-life recycling are also addressed. By choosing the marine gas oil (MGO) utilisation as the baseline, the life cycle cost analysis is performed between different types of scrubber system, namely open loop seawater scrubber, closed loop freshwater scrubber, hybrid scrubber and dry scrubber system. 

The life cycle cost analysis results are presented by the net present value (NPV) and the return of investment (ROI) time. Under the assumption of current HFO and MGO price, a positive NPV can be found for every scrubber types subjected to four vessel types with the ROI time ranging from 1to 5 years depending on the operation profile in ECA-SOx.

Life cycle cost analysis, MARPOL Annex VI, scrubber technology, emission control areas, exhaust gas treatment technology, SOx abatement , NOx abatement --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Ingénierie civile

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Motor vehicles --- Pollution control equipment. --- Equipment, Pollution control --- Pollution equipment --- Industrial equipment --- Emission control devices (Motor vehicles) --- Exhaust control devices (Motor vehicles) --- Pollution control devices (Motor vehicles) --- Smog control devices (Motor vehicles) --- Air --- Pollution control equipment --- Pollution control devices. --- Emission control devices --- Exhaust control devices --- Smog control devices --- Pollution

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This open access book is interdisciplinary and provides cross-sectoral and multi-dimensional exploration of sustainable development and transportation in South Africa. Drawing on work from different disciplines, the book contributes not only to academia but also seeks to inform urban and regional policy with the view of contributing to the national aspirations of South Africa as espoused in the National Development Plan (NDP), 2030, National Spatial Development Framework (NSDF) Draft (2019), National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (NCASS) Draft (2019), Green Transport Strategy for South Africa (2018–2050), and National Transportation Plan (NATMAP), 2050. Adopting a multi-dimensional assessment, the book provides a background for co-production concerning climate change, sustainable development, and transportation in the Global South. The book contributes in its analysis of the institutional and legislative framework that relates to the climate change, skills and knowledge transfer, sustainable development, and transportation in South Africa, as these are responsible for the evolution of the green economy and transport sector in the country. The connections among different sectors and issues such as environment, transport modes, technology innovation, vehicle management and emission control, skills and knowledge transfer, legislative and policy framework, and the wider objectives of the sustainable development goals (SDGs), especially goals 11 to 13. The success stories relating to climate change, sustainable development, and transportation in South Africa are identified together with the best possible practices that may inform better environmental, urban and regional planning, policy, practice, and management.

Environmental management --- Sustainability --- Highway & traffic engineering --- Energy technology & engineering --- Economic geography --- Ecological science, the Biosphere --- Climate-Change Policy --- Climate Change Management --- Skills and Knowledge Transfer --- Technology Innovation --- Transport Modes, Policy and Regulatory Framework --- Vehicle Management and Emission Control --- Open Access

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Automobiles --- Heat recovery. --- Recovery of waste heat --- Waste heat recovery --- Cogeneration of electric power and heat --- Heat engineering --- Heat regenerators --- Waste heat --- Automobile emissions --- Automobile exhaust gas --- Emissions, Automobile --- Exhaust gas, Automobile --- Air --- Combustion gases --- Emission control devices (Automobiles) --- Exhaust control devices (Automobiles) --- Pollution control devices (Automobiles) --- Smog control devices (Automobiles) --- Pollution control equipment --- Pollution control devices. --- Motors --- Exhaust gas. --- Turbochargers. --- Exhaust gas --- Emissions --- Pollution --- Fuel consumption --- Pollution control devices --- Emission control devices --- Exhaust control devices --- Smog control devices