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The Global Jobs Indicators Database (JOIN) provides information on labor market outcomes from countries across all income groups with a focus on low- and middle-income countries. The sources are in most cases Labor Force Surveys (LFSs), but other types of household surveys that include labor market information are also added. The information on the different labor market outcomes is disaggregated by gender, urban or rural area, age group of worker, and education level. All indicators are derived from a World Bank repository of harmonized household surveys. The indicators can be subsumed into four topics: sociodemographics, labor force and employment status, employment by sector and occupation, and labor market outcomes, including earnings. To ensure data reliability, a series of quality checks to both the indicators and the micro-data at the cross-sectional survey level and at the survey time-series level are conducted. Results are, among others, corroborated using statistics provided by the International Labour Organization (ILO) or the World Bank's World Development Indicators (WDI) as well as through outlier detection and consistency checks. As a result, JOIN provides only indicators for surveys that surpassed a quality check threshold. JOIN contains about 1,430 household surveys conducted in 160 countries. A JOIN benchmarking tool enables further customization options including interactions of key indicators for more granular analysis. This tool allows users to compare the labor market in their country of interest to a series of up to 10 other countries. Together, JOIN, the JOIN benchmarking tool, and the entire Jobs Diagnostic toolkit enable a thorough analysis of the labor market supply side at both a nationally aggregated level and the micro level.

Employment --- Employment and Unemployment --- Labor Markets --- Social Protections and Labor

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This note provides an overview of labor markets and job outcomes in the Horn of Africa. This background note was prepared for the Horn of Africa Regional Economic Memorandum. It provides an overview of issues related to jobs in the five countries of the region, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, and Somalia. It first discusses labor market characteristics, notably labor force participation, unemployment and underemployment,as well as demographics of the labor force. Secondly, it compares employment patterns, focusing on the type and sector of employment. Finally, it looks at the limited information available on jobs outcomes - notably, wage levels. It seeks to provides a relatively succinct synoptic summary of the common trends among the five countries as well as some distinct features. With the exception of Eritrea, the World Bank has recently analyzed jobs outcomes in all countries of the region.

Employment --- Employment and Unemployment --- Labor Market --- Social Protections and Labor

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This paper has six sections. The authors begin with an overview of the gender-specific trends in labor force participation, industry employment shares, overall shifts in wage employment, and gender gaps in wages and educational attainment in Cambodia. The authors continue with an industry-specific look at wage employment trends, which confirms that, while there are a few emerging higher-skilled sectors such as financial services, the manufacturing sector (and the garment sector in particular) still dominates and continues to grow in importance for women's wage work. The authors then shed light on the vertical occupational segregation patterns within industry and show that even if women are not underrepresented in manager positions in the dominant manufacturing (garment) sector, this type of positions represent less than one percent of all manufacturing jobs. In fact, at present the only sector providing prospects for career growth beyond low-skilled work is the services industry, where women are underrepresented as managers, but overrepresented as professionals and clerical workers. Moving on to wages, we test whether the gender wage gap and the factors contributing to it differ by industry. Occupational levels and education seem to play a role in explaining only a fraction of the wage gaps in construction and agriculture respectively, while the gender gap in trade remains completely unexplained by observable characteristics. What is of even greater interest is the fact that there is no gender wage gap in manufacturing, while the gap in services appears only after controlling for education and occupational level. Importantly, in all sectors other than manufacturing, women with identical characteristics and similar occupations still earn significantly less than men. The authors also explore the extent to which motherhood explains women's labor force experiences. The presence of young children in the household do not seem to explain the gap in wages. Nevertheless, we show that they significantly increase the probability that a woman will transition to non-wage employment, likely due to the need to combine household duties, childcare and work. Inspired by literature in similar country contexts, authors then demonstrate that the sizeable expansion of job opportunities for women in the garment sector has likely had a disproportionately negative influence on Cambodian girls' retention beyond primary schooling (compared to boys), thus limiting their employment and wage opportunities. Because of the continued role that non-wage employment plays in women's occupational paths, authors finish the paper with an overview of the trends in the sector, with a focus on non-farm enterprises, which appear to be slowly taking over agriculture.

Employment --- Employment and Unemployment --- Inequality --- Labor Markets --- Poverty Reduction --- Social Protections and Labor --- Cambodia

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Disability-inclusive development directly responds to the World Bank's twin goals of ending extreme poverty and promoting shared prosperity. Disability and poverty are inherently linked, with persons with disabilities having poorer health outcomes; lower education achievements; less economic participation; and higher rates of poverty than people without disabilities. Poverty may also increase the risk of disability, by leading to the onset of health conditions associated with disabilities, such as malnutrition; low birth weight; lack of clean water and sanitation; and unsafe work and living conditions. The development challenges faced by persons with disabilities need to be addressed through a multisectoral and multidimensional approach that entails measures to improve accessibility and equality of opportunity; promotes participation and inclusion; and increases respect for the autonomy and dignity of persons with disabilities. Ensuring the social and economic inclusion of persons with disabilities in Bangladesh remains a challenge. To break the cycle of disability exclusion and poverty for persons with disabilities and their households, access to work and or livelihoods is essential. This note provides a set of recommendations to support the equitable participation and inclusion of women and men with disabilities in the labor market through a variety of mechanisms, including legislative policies; education and skills development; self and wage employment; social protection; accessibility; and the importance of changing attitudes.

Disability --- Employment --- Employment and Unemployment --- Equity and Development --- Inequality --- Poverty Reduction --- Social Protections and Labor --- Stigma

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This note provides a brief, updated analysis of jobs dynamics in Albania, providing insights into where constraints to improving jobs outcomes remain and opportunities for addressing such challenges. Results-based policy making requires timely information to identify problems, design potential solutions, and evaluate policy initiatives. Using the most recent data available on Albanian labor markets from the perspectives of labor demand (firms) and labor supply (individuals), this note provides some key insights into the current situation and important dynamics over time and across firms and workers with different characteristics. The note is complemented by two other reports that look at (i) skills development challenges from the demand (employer) side, and (ii) the role and effectiveness of the National Employment Service (NES) in reducing unemployment. This note and the aforementioned reports will serve as inputs to a jobs framework and action plan for the Republic of Albania. This note is divided into three additional sections. Following the introduction, the second section provides a profile of labor demand in Albania, looking primarily at job creation and job productivity. The third section presents a profile of labor supply, specifically who is working, what types of jobs they are employed in, and who is not working. The final section concludes with an overall brief summary of the analysis and questions to further guide the development of a jobs action plan.

Employment and Unemployment --- Gender --- Job Creation --- Labor Market --- Labor Markets --- Social Protections and Labor