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The Southern African Customs Union (SACU) is the most unequal region in the world. While there has been some progress in recent years, inequality has remained almost stagnant in the most unequal countries. Using an innovative framework, this report provides a systematic and comprehensive analysis of inequality in the region. The main conclusions are as follows: first, inherited circumstances over which an individual has little or no control (i.e., inequality of opportunity) drive overall inequality, and their contribution has increased in recent years. This is an important concern particularly because this type of inequality is not the result of people's efforts. Second, lack of access to jobs and means of production (education, skills, land, among others) by disadvantaged populations slows progress towards a more equitable income distribution.
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Drawing on a large and varied body of judicial and arbitral case law, this book provides a comprehensive, original, and up-to-date account of the role of equity in international law.
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La vulnérabilité pose la question du rapport des individus à la société dans laquelle ils vivent. Elle interroge la « représentation de l'humain » dans le cadre de la Cité, la Polis. Si cette représentation a profondément évolué depuis près de vingt-ans, c'est que la société s'est transfigurée. Le modèle de l'Etat-providence d'après-guerre, social et protecteur n'est plus ; le Welfare State a vécu. Face aux bouleversements politiques, économiques, sociaux, familiaux révélateurs de cette disparition du modèle social d'après-guerre, de nouvelles formes d'appréhension et de traitement du rapport de l'individu à une société fragilisée sont apparues. Philosophes d'un côté, sociologues de l'autre se sont engouffrés dans l'étude des nouvelles formes de subjectivité contemporaine. Adieu les analyses en termes d'autonomie et d'égalité des droits et vive celles qui mettent l'accent sur la dépendance relationnelle et l'équité qui n'est plus universaliste mais différenciée. La vulnérabilité a pris alors son envol ; elle a même triomphé dans plusieurs champs disciplinaires : de la philosophie à la sociologie en passant par le droit, mais aussi les sciences appliquées.On assisterait donc à un Vulnerability Turn qui permettrait de repenser l'être humain, son rapport à l'Autre et au monde qui l'entoure, et qui serait à la base d'un ensemble de nouvelles obligations imposées à la charge des Etats. Tout serait-il parfait ? Loin de là. Si la vulnérabilité a le vent en poupe, elle n'en a pas moins soulevé de virulentes critiques allant de la valorisation d'une approche compassionnelle proche du misérabilisme - qui discriminerait plutôt qu'elle ne rassemblerait - aux risques d'essentialisation, de stigmatisation ou encore de paternalisme.Cette quatrième journée d'étude organisée dans le cadre du cycle des « juges en Europe » a permis à un groupe de juristes publicistes, sur la base d'une belle et stimulante 'ouverture sociologique', d'examiner la manière dont le concept de vulnérabilité a été utilisé par les juges et les conséquences que cet usage engendre, tant en termes théoriques que pratiques.
Marginality, Social --- Persons (Law) --- Welfare state --- Equity (International law) --- Judges --- Minorities --- Comparative law --- Marginalité --- Personnes (Droit) --- Etat providence --- Equité (Droit international) --- Juges --- Minorités --- Droit comparé --- Legal status, laws, etc --- Droit --- European Union countries - Persons (Law) --- Marginalité --- Equité (Droit international) --- Minorités --- Droit comparé --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- France --- Royaume-Uni --- Espagne --- Italie --- République tchèque
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"This book casts new light on the application of the principle of proportionality in international law. Proportionality is claimed to play a central role governing the exercise of public power in international law and has been presented as the 'ultimate rule of law'"--
Proportionality in law --- Equity (International law) --- International law and human rights --- Human rights and international law --- Human rights --- Law --- International law --- International cooperation --- Proportionality in law. --- International law and human rights. --- Proportionnalité (droit) --- Équité (droit international) --- Droits de l'homme (droit international) --- International cooperation. --- Coopération internationale. --- Recours à la force armée --- Arbitrage (droit)
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Billijkheid (Internationaal recht) --- Droit international économique --- Droit économique (Droit international) --- Droit économique international --- Economic policy [Foreign ] --- Economic relations [Foreign ] --- Economics [International ] --- Economische betrekkingen [Internationale ] --- Equite (Droit international) --- Equity (International law) --- Foreign economic policy --- Interdependence of nations --- International economic policy --- International economic relations --- International economics --- Internationale economische betrekkingen --- New international economic order --- Relations économiques internationales --- Arthurian romances --- Grail --- -Lancelot (Legendary character) --- -Graal --- Gral --- Gréal --- Holy Grail --- Sangraal --- Sangreal --- Chalices --- Folklore --- Romances --- Legends --- Arthurian romances. --- International economic relations. --- Lancelot (Legendary character) --- Legends. --- Romances. --- -Legends --- Equity (International law). --- 839.3 "12" LANCELOT --- Nederlandse literatuur--?"12"--LANCELOT --- 839.3 "12" LANCELOT Nederlandse literatuur--?"12"--LANCELOT --- International law --- Medieval Dutch literature --- -Romances --- Graal --- Bible. O.T. Genesis I --- Criticism, interpretation, etc --- History --- Primitive and early church, ca. 30-600 A.D. --- Bible --- Hermeneutics --- Greek influences --- Philosophy [Ancient ] --- Influence
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The hunt for beneficial owners is on. Like an elephant, the beneficial owner hides in the jungle of complex legal structures, waiting to be discovered by eager prosecutors. But what lies behind this metaphor? What is a Beneficial Owner? Is beneficial ownership a right? What does this right encompass? What is the value of this right compared to other rights? And if beneficial ownership is not a right, is it still a legally relevant relation? How do courts, namely the U.S. Supreme Court deal with the concept? When do Anglo-American judges and European scholars resort to the concept? This book approaches these questions from two perspectives: legal fundamentals and the field of U.S. federal Indian law. Both legal theories and case law are scrutinized with the aim to find a better understanding of the basic conception and characteristics of beneficial ownership. Federal Indian law has been chosen for the study of the concrete implications of the beneficial ownership concept in what Roscoe Pound referred to as “the law in action.” To some, this choice of legal field might seem somewhat unusual. What answers could federal Indian law possibly offer with regard to pressing questions from the financial industry? As always, there is a short and a long answer. The short answer is that the analysis of an equally sophisticated field of law can open new perspectives on a given field of law. For example, not only potential criminals and tax evaders but also members of an older civilization are beneficial owners. The long answer can be found in this very book.
Common law. --- Equity (International law) --- Anglo-American law --- Law, Anglo-American --- Law. --- Cultural heritage. --- Law --- Private international law. --- Conflict of laws. --- International law. --- Comparative law. --- Anthropology. --- Private International Law, International & Foreign Law, Comparative Law. --- Theories of Law, Philosophy of Law, Legal History. --- Cultural Heritage. --- Philosophy. --- International law --- Customary law --- Private International Law, International & Foreign Law, Comparative Law . --- Cultural heritage --- Cultural patrimony --- Cultural resources --- Heritage property --- National heritage --- National patrimony --- National treasure --- Patrimony, Cultural --- Treasure, National --- Property --- World Heritage areas --- Human beings --- Beneficial ownership. --- Law—Philosophy. --- Acts, Legislative --- Enactments, Legislative --- Laws (Statutes) --- Legislative acts --- Legislative enactments --- Jurisprudence --- Legislation --- Choice of law --- Conflict of laws --- Intermunicipal law --- International law, Private --- International private law --- Private international law --- Legal polycentricity --- Civil law --- Primitive societies --- Social sciences
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