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Using official COVID-19 death counts for 64 countries and excess death estimates for 41 countries, this paper finds a higher share of pandemic-related deaths in 2020 were at younger ages in middle-income countries compared to high-income countries. People under age 65 constituted on average (1) 11 percent of both official deaths and excess deaths in high-income countries, (2) 40 percent of official deaths and 37 percent of excess deaths in upper-middle-income countries, and (3) 54 percent of official deaths in lower-middle-income countries. These contrasting profiles are due only in part to differences in population age structure. Both COVID-19 and excess death age-mortality curves are flatter in countries with lower incomes. This is a result of some combination of variation in age patterns of infection rates and infection fatality rates. In countries with very low death rates, excess mortality is substantially negative at older ages, suggesting that pandemic-related precautions have lowered non-COVID-19 deaths. Additionally, the United States has a younger distribution of deaths than countries with similar levels of income.

Coronavirus --- COVID-19 --- Disease Control and Prevention --- Excess Mortality --- Health Indicators --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Pandemic Impact

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Latin America and the Caribbean suffered the largest death toll from Covid?19 across developing regions and the sharpest decline in economic activity. With fewer school days and lower employment rates, with higher public debt and more firms under stress, the effects could be long?lasting. The crisis also triggered large?scale economic restructuring, with productivity higher in the expanding than in the contracting sectors. Accelerated digitization could instill dynamism in finance, trade and labor markets, but it may amplify inequality within and across the countries in the region. Technology could transform the energy sector as well. Latin America and the Caribbean has the cleanest and potentially cheapest electricity generation matrix of all developing regions. But its electricity is the most expensive, due mainly to inefficiencies. Distributed generation within countries and electricity trade across countries, could make energy greener and cheaper, provided that the pricing is right.

COVID-19 --- Crisis --- Digitization --- Economic Growth --- Elasticity --- Electricity --- Excess Mortality --- Growth --- Labor Income Inequality --- Latin America --- Renewable Energy --- Structural Transformation --- Unemployment

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The authors use data from the National Family Health Survey 2005 to present age-specific patterns of child mortality among India's tribal (Adivasi) population. The analysis shows three clear findings. First, a disproportionately high number of child deaths are concentrated among Adivasis, especially in the 1-5 age group and in those states and districts where there is a high concentration of Adivasis. Any effort to reduce child morality in the aggregate will have to focus more squarely on lowering mortality among the Adivasis. Second, the gap in mortality between Adivasi children and the rest really appears after the age of one. In fact, before the age of one, tribal children face more or less similar odds of dying as other children. However, these odds significantly reverse later. This calls for a shift in attention from infant mortality or in general under-five mortality to factors that cause a wedge between tribal children and the rest between the ages of one and five. Third, the analysis goes contrary to the conventional narrative of poverty being the primary factor driving differences between mortality outcomes. Instead, the authors find that breaking down child mortality by age leads to a much more refined picture. Tribal status is significant even after controlling for wealth.

Adolescent Health --- Age at marriage --- Child health --- Child mortality --- Child survival --- Declines in mortality --- Early Child and Children's Health --- Early Childhood Development --- Education --- Excess mortality --- Family health --- Fertility --- Food security --- Gender relations --- Health --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Human development --- Infant --- Infant mortality --- Levels of mortality --- Millennium development goal --- Nutrition and Population --- Participation of women --- Policy research --- Policy research working paper --- Population Policies --- Progress --- Rural areas

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Mortality --- Medical geography --- Diseases --- Europe --- Mortality. --- 614 --- Age Specific Death Rate --- Age-Specific Death Rate --- Case Fatality Rate --- Decline, Mortality --- Determinants, Mortality --- Differential Mortality --- Excess Mortality --- Mortality Decline --- Mortality Determinants --- Mortality Rate --- Mortality, Differential --- Mortality, Excess --- Death Rate --- Age-Specific Death Rates --- Case Fatality Rates --- Death Rate, Age-Specific --- Death Rates --- Death Rates, Age-Specific --- Declines, Mortality --- Determinant, Mortality --- Differential Mortalities --- Excess Mortalities --- Mortalities --- Mortalities, Differential --- Mortalities, Excess --- Mortality Declines --- Mortality Determinant --- Mortality Rates --- Rate, Age-Specific Death --- Rate, Case Fatality --- Rate, Death --- Rate, Mortality --- Rates, Age-Specific Death --- Rates, Case Fatality --- Rates, Death --- Rates, Mortality --- Disease --- Openbare gezondheidszorg--(zie ook {351.84}) --- mortality --- Europe. --- Northern Europe --- Southern Europe --- Western Europe --- CFR Case Fatality Rate --- Crude Death Rate --- Crude Mortality Rate --- Crude Death Rates --- Crude Mortality Rates --- Death Rate, Crude --- Mortality Rate, Crude --- Rate, Crude Death --- Rate, Crude Mortality

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Sociology of health --- Demography --- United States --- Diseases --- Mortality --- Statistics --- Mortality. --- Morbidity. --- -Mortality --- -Mortality, Law of --- Death --- Death (Biology) --- Human beings --- Illness --- Illnesses --- Morbidity --- Sickness --- Sicknesses --- Medicine --- Epidemiology --- Health --- Pathology --- Sick --- Morbidities --- Age Specific Death Rate --- Age-Specific Death Rate --- Case Fatality Rate --- Decline, Mortality --- Determinants, Mortality --- Differential Mortality --- Excess Mortality --- Mortality Decline --- Mortality Determinants --- Mortality Rate --- Mortality, Differential --- Mortality, Excess --- Death Rate --- Age-Specific Death Rates --- Case Fatality Rates --- Death Rate, Age-Specific --- Death Rates --- Death Rates, Age-Specific --- Declines, Mortality --- Determinant, Mortality --- Differential Mortalities --- Excess Mortalities --- Mortalities --- Mortalities, Differential --- Mortalities, Excess --- Mortality Declines --- Mortality Determinant --- Mortality Rates --- Rate, Age-Specific Death --- Rate, Case Fatality --- Rate, Death --- Rate, Mortality --- Rates, Age-Specific Death --- Rates, Case Fatality --- Rates, Death --- Rates, Mortality --- Disease --- mortality --- United States. --- Statistics, Medical. --- Statistics, Vital. --- -Statistics --- CFR Case Fatality Rate --- Crude Death Rate --- Crude Mortality Rate --- Crude Death Rates --- Crude Mortality Rates --- Death Rate, Crude --- Mortality Rate, Crude --- Rate, Crude Death --- Rate, Crude Mortality --- Diseases - United States - Statistics --- Mortality - United States --- United States - Statistics, Medical --- United States - Statistics, Vital --- United States of America