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As we all know, electrons carry both charge and spin. The processing of information in conventional electronic devices is based only on the charge of electrons. Spin electronics, or spintronics, uses the spin of electrons, as well as their charge, to process information. Metals, semiconductors, and insulators are the basic materials that constitute the components of electronic devices, and these types of materials have been transforming all aspects of society for over a century. In contrast, magnetic metals, half-metals (including zero-gap half-metals), magnetic semiconductors (including spin-gapless semiconductors), dilute magnetic semiconductors, and magnetic insulators are the materials that will form the basis for spintronic devices. This book aims to collect a range of papers on novel materials that have intriguing physical properties and numerous potential practical applications in spintronics.

n/a --- doping --- spin polarization --- first-principle --- quaternary Heusler alloy --- electronic structure --- Prussian blue analogue --- first-principles calculations --- first-principles calculation --- magnetic anisotropy --- pressure --- Nb (100) surface --- Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction --- optical properties --- skyrmion --- equiatomic quaternary Heusler compounds --- Heusler alloy --- interface structure --- first principles --- magnetism --- spin transport --- first-principles method --- monolayer CrSi2 --- half-metallic material --- H adsorption --- half-metallic materials --- lattice dynamics --- spin gapless semiconductor --- first-principle calculations --- half-metallicity --- bulk CrSi2 --- covalent hybridization --- H diffusion --- electronic property --- MgBi2O6 --- physical nature --- Mo doping --- phase stability --- mechanical anisotropy --- quaternary Heusler compound --- magnetic properties --- exchange energy --- Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction

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This book, Applications of Operational Research and Mathematical Models in Management, includes all the papers published in the Mathematics Special Issue with the same title. All the published papers are of high quality and were subjected to rigorous peer review. Mathematics is included in the Science Citation Index (Web of Science), and its current Impact Factor is 1.747. The papers in this book deal with on R&D performance models, methods for ranking the perspectives and indicators of a balance scorecard, robust optimization model applications, integrated production and distribution problem solving, demand functions, supply chain games, probabilistic optimization and profit research, coordinated techniques for order preference, robustness approaches in bank capital optimization, and hybrid methods for tourism demand forecasting. All the papers included contribute to the development of research.

Research & information: general --- Mathematics & science --- tourism management --- hybrid method --- fruit fly optimization algorithm --- neural network --- web search data --- forecast of daily tourism demand --- optimization method --- robust optimization --- capital to risk asset ratio --- chance constraint --- safety-first principle --- Basel III --- capital requirements --- TOPSIS --- coordinated TOPSIS --- decision-making --- assessment --- coefficient of variation --- information entropy --- probabilistic analysis --- optimization --- Lagrange equations --- operations research --- bomb fragmentation --- digital supply chain --- smart contracts --- dynamic inventory --- revenue sharing contract --- dual-channel --- two sales periods --- channel structure strategy --- strategic consumers --- Nash game --- integrated --- production scheduling --- distribution --- large neighborhood search algorithm --- duality theory --- uncertain set --- logistics production --- inventory process --- balanced scorecard --- Bradley-Terry --- performance evaluation --- software factory --- multiple-criteria decision-making --- AHP --- value relevance --- book value --- abnormal earnings --- R &amp --- D --- panel data

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Noncovalent interactions are the bridge between ideal gas abstraction and the real world. For a long time, they were covered by two terms: van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonding. Both experimental and quantum chemical studies have contributed to our understanding of the nature of these interactions. In the last decade, great progress has been made in identifying, quantifying, and visualizing noncovalent interactions. New types of interactions have been classified—their energetic and spatial properties have been tabulated. In the past, most studies were limited to analyzing the single strongest interaction in the molecular system under consideration, which is responsible for the most important structural properties of the system. Despite this limitation, such an approach often results in satisfactory approximations of experimental data. However, this requires knowledge of the structure of the molecular system and the absence of other competing interactions. The current challenge is to go beyond this limitation. This Special Issue collects ideas on how to study the interplay of noncovalent interactions in complex molecular systems including the effects of cooperation and anti-cooperation, solvation, reaction field, steric hindrance, intermolecular dynamics, and other weak but numerous impacts on molecular conformation, chemical reactivity, and condensed matter structure.

Research & information: general --- solvent effect --- hydrogen bond --- NMR --- condensed matter --- polarizable continuum model --- reaction field --- external electric field --- proton transfer --- halogen bond --- phosphine oxide --- 31P NMR spectroscopy --- IR spectroscopy --- non-covalent interactions --- spectral correlations --- Reaction mechanism --- first-principle calculation --- Bader charge analysis --- activation energy --- transition state structure --- conventional and non-conventional H-bonds --- empirical Grimme corrections --- lattice energy of organic salts --- computation of low-frequency Raman spectra --- confinement --- solid-state NMR --- molecular dynamics --- interfaces and surfaces --- substituent effect --- aromaticity --- adenine --- Lewis acid–Lewis base interactions --- tetrel bond --- pnicogen bond --- triel bond --- electron charge shifts --- proton dynamics --- carboxyl group --- CPMD --- DFT --- IINS --- IR --- Raman --- crystal engineering --- halogen bonding --- azo dyes --- QTAIM --- dispersion --- ketone–alcohol complexes --- density functional theory --- hydrogen bonds --- molecular recognition --- vibrational spectroscopy --- gas phase --- benchmark --- pinacolone --- deuteration --- heavy drugs --- histamine receptor --- hydrogen bonding --- receptor activation --- n/a --- Lewis acid-Lewis base interactions --- ketone-alcohol complexes

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One of the most significant of the many challenges we face is how to sustain the production of food for a growing population without compromising the health of our planet. This book addresses the growing challenges of the interrelated issues of food security, social stability, and the increasing scarcity of the planet’s resources to propose sophisticated modeling innovations leading to practical approaches and solutions to multiple facets of these challenges.

Research & information: general --- tourism management --- hybrid method --- fruit fly optimization algorithm --- neural network --- web search data --- forecast of daily tourism demand --- optimization method --- robust optimization --- capital to risk asset ratio --- chance constraint --- safety-first principle --- Basel III --- capital requirements --- TOPSIS --- coordinated TOPSIS --- decision-making --- assessment --- coefficient of variation --- information entropy --- probabilistic analysis --- optimization --- Lagrange equations --- operations research --- bomb fragmentation --- digital supply chain --- smart contracts --- dynamic inventory --- revenue sharing contract --- dual-channel --- two sales periods --- channel structure strategy --- strategic consumers --- Nash game --- integrated --- production scheduling --- distribution --- large neighborhood search algorithm --- duality theory --- uncertain set --- logistics production --- inventory process --- balanced scorecard --- Bradley-Terry --- performance evaluation --- software factory --- multiple-criteria decision-making --- AHP --- value relevance --- book value --- abnormal earnings --- R &amp --- D --- panel data

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The first part of this monograph is devoted to a characterization of hypergeometric-like functions, that is, twists of hypergeometric functions in n-variables. These are treated as an (n+1) dimensional vector space of multivalued locally holomorphic functions defined on the space of n+3 tuples of distinct points on the projective line P modulo, the diagonal section of Auto P=m. For n=1, the characterization may be regarded as a generalization of Riemann's classical theorem characterizing hypergeometric functions by their exponents at three singular points. This characterization permits the authors to compare monodromy groups corresponding to different parameters and to prove commensurability modulo inner automorphisms of PU(1,n). The book includes an investigation of elliptic and parabolic monodromy groups, as well as hyperbolic monodromy groups. The former play a role in the proof that a surprising number of lattices in PU(1,2) constructed as the fundamental groups of compact complex surfaces with constant holomorphic curvature are in fact conjugate to projective monodromy groups of hypergeometric functions. The characterization of hypergeometric-like functions by their exponents at the divisors "at infinity" permits one to prove generalizations in n-variables of the Kummer identities for n-1 involving quadratic and cubic changes of the variable.

Hypergeometric functions. --- Monodromy groups. --- Lattice theory. --- Abuse of notation. --- Algebraic variety. --- Analytic continuation. --- Arithmetic group. --- Automorphism. --- Bernhard Riemann. --- Big O notation. --- Codimension. --- Coefficient. --- Cohomology. --- Commensurability (mathematics). --- Compactification (mathematics). --- Complete quadrangle. --- Complex number. --- Complex space. --- Conjugacy class. --- Connected component (graph theory). --- Coprime integers. --- Cube root. --- Derivative. --- Diagonal matrix. --- Differential equation. --- Dimension (vector space). --- Discrete group. --- Divisor (algebraic geometry). --- Divisor. --- Eigenvalues and eigenvectors. --- Ellipse. --- Elliptic curve. --- Equation. --- Existential quantification. --- Fiber bundle. --- Finite group. --- First principle. --- Fundamental group. --- Gelfand. --- Holomorphic function. --- Hypergeometric function. --- Hyperplane. --- Hypersurface. --- Integer. --- Inverse function. --- Irreducible component. --- Irreducible representation. --- Isolated point. --- Isomorphism class. --- Line bundle. --- Linear combination. --- Linear differential equation. --- Local coordinates. --- Local system. --- Locally finite collection. --- Mathematical proof. --- Minkowski space. --- Moduli space. --- Monodromy. --- Morphism. --- Multiplicative group. --- Neighbourhood (mathematics). --- Open set. --- Orbifold. --- Permutation. --- Picard group. --- Point at infinity. --- Polynomial ring. --- Projective line. --- Projective plane. --- Projective space. --- Root of unity. --- Second derivative. --- Simple group. --- Smoothness. --- Subgroup. --- Subset. --- Symmetry group. --- Tangent space. --- Tangent. --- Theorem. --- Transversal (geometry). --- Uniqueness theorem. --- Variable (mathematics). --- Vector space.