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Planting time --- Field crops --- Harvesting time --- Flowering time --- -Harvesting time --- 631.153 --- 581.543 --- 551.586 --- Crops --- Seedtime --- Time, Planting --- Crops and climate --- Time, Harvesting --- Farm crops --- Industrial crops --- Food crops --- Tree crops --- Planning of farm production --- Seasonal phenomena. Phenology --- Biometeorology. Bioclimatology. Agroclimatoloy --- Harvesting time. --- Planting time. --- Flowering time. --- 551.586 Biometeorology. Bioclimatology. Agroclimatoloy --- 581.543 Seasonal phenomena. Phenology --- 631.153 Planning of farm production --- Field crops - Flowering time

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Plant reproduction is essential not only for producing offspring but also for increasing crop quality and yield. Moreover, plant reproduction entails complex growth and developmental processes, which provide a variety of opportunities for elucidating fundamental principles in biology. The combinational employment of molecular genetic approaches and emerging technologies, such as florescence-based imaging techniques and next generation sequencing, has led to important progresses in plant reproduction using model plants, crops, and trees. This e-book compiles 31 articles, including 1 hypothesis and theory, 4 perspectives, 12 reviews, and 14 original research papers. We hope that this E-book will draw attention of all plant biologists to exciting advances in the field of plant reproduction and help solve remaining challenging questions in the future. We wish to express our appreciation to all the authors, reviewers, and the Frontiers editorial office for their excellent contributions that made the publication of this e-book possible.

Pollen tube growth --- Sexual and asexual reproduction --- flowering time and flower development --- self-incompatibility and pollination --- embryo and fruit development --- Meiosis --- sterility and floral organ degeneration --- gene regulatory networks and live-cell imaging --- sex determination --- epigenetics

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Gibberellins (GAs) and abscisic acid (ABA) are two phytohormones that antagonistically regulate plant growth, as well as several developmental processes from seed maturation and germination to flowering time, through hypocotyl elongation and root growth. In general, ABA and GAs inhibit and promote cell elongation and growth, respectively. Consequently, this mutual antagonism between GAs and ABA governs many developmental decisions in plants. In addition to its role as a growth and development modulator, ABA is primarily known for being a major player in the response and adaptation of plants to diverse abiotic stress conditions, including cold, heat, drought, salinity and flooding. Remarkably, different works have also recently pointed to a function for GAs in the control of some biological processes in response to stress. The selection of research and review papers of this book, mostly focused on ABA, covers a wide range of topics related to the most recent advances in the molecular mechanisms of ABA and GA functions in plants.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- particle film technology --- xanthophylls --- VAZ cycle --- drought --- Vitis vinifera L. --- abscisic acid --- ABA --- ethylene --- pathogens --- plant immunity --- PYR1 --- salicylic acid --- Arabidopsis thaliana --- cell expansion --- gibberellins --- hypocotyl growth --- transcriptomic analysis --- plant hormones --- plant size --- receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase --- skotomorphogenesis --- Mediator complex --- transcription --- ABA signaling --- abiotic stress response --- grapevine --- stomata --- metabolism --- carbohydrates --- salinity --- chromatin remodeling --- guard cell --- osmotic stress --- protein phosphatase 2C --- stress memory --- transgenerational inheritance --- abscisic acid (ABA) --- flowering time --- Arabidopsis --- drought escape --- bZIP --- GIGANTEA --- CONSTANS --- FLOWERING LOCUS T --- FD --- citrus --- fruit maturation --- hormonal interplay --- sugars --- n/a

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Gibberellins (GAs) and abscisic acid (ABA) are two phytohormones that antagonistically regulate plant growth, as well as several developmental processes from seed maturation and germination to flowering time, through hypocotyl elongation and root growth. In general, ABA and GAs inhibit and promote cell elongation and growth, respectively. Consequently, this mutual antagonism between GAs and ABA governs many developmental decisions in plants. In addition to its role as a growth and development modulator, ABA is primarily known for being a major player in the response and adaptation of plants to diverse abiotic stress conditions, including cold, heat, drought, salinity and flooding. Remarkably, different works have also recently pointed to a function for GAs in the control of some biological processes in response to stress. The selection of research and review papers of this book, mostly focused on ABA, covers a wide range of topics related to the most recent advances in the molecular mechanisms of ABA and GA functions in plants.

particle film technology --- xanthophylls --- VAZ cycle --- drought --- Vitis vinifera L. --- abscisic acid --- ABA --- ethylene --- pathogens --- plant immunity --- PYR1 --- salicylic acid --- Arabidopsis thaliana --- cell expansion --- gibberellins --- hypocotyl growth --- transcriptomic analysis --- plant hormones --- plant size --- receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase --- skotomorphogenesis --- Mediator complex --- transcription --- ABA signaling --- abiotic stress response --- grapevine --- stomata --- metabolism --- carbohydrates --- salinity --- chromatin remodeling --- guard cell --- osmotic stress --- protein phosphatase 2C --- stress memory --- transgenerational inheritance --- abscisic acid (ABA) --- flowering time --- Arabidopsis --- drought escape --- bZIP --- GIGANTEA --- CONSTANS --- FLOWERING LOCUS T --- FD --- citrus --- fruit maturation --- hormonal interplay --- sugars --- n/a

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The way plants grow and develop organs significantly impacts the overall performance and yield of crop plants. The basic knowledge now available in plant development has the potential to help breeders in generating plants with defined architectural features to improve productivity. Plant translational research effort has steadily increased over the last decade due to the huge increase in the availability of crop genomic resources and Arabidopsis-based sequence annotation systems. However, a consistent gap between fundamental and applied science has yet to be filled. One critical point often brought up is the unreadiness of developmental biologists on one side to foresee agricultural applications for their discoveries, and of the breeders to exploit gene function studies to apply to candidate gene approaches when advantageous on the other. In this book, both developmental biologists and breeders make a special effort to reconcile research on the basic principles of plant development and organogenesis with its applications to crop production and genetic improvement. Fundamental and applied science contributions intertwine and chase each other, giving the reader different but complementary perspectives from only apparently distant corners of the same world.

HD-Zip transcription factors --- Plant in vitro cultures --- plant breeding --- recalcitrant species --- CLV --- wounding --- semi-dwarf --- photoreceptors --- Arabidopsis thaliana --- root development --- morphogenesis --- embryogenesis --- cytokinin --- auxin conjugation --- molecular marker --- Development --- boundaries --- translational research --- proline biosynthesis --- Brassicaceae --- meristem formation --- phytohormones --- stem cells --- meristem --- cytoskeleton --- hydrogen peroxide --- ligule --- genetic improvement --- tree phase change --- Rht18 --- hairy roots --- WUS --- GRETCHEN HAGEN 3 (GH3) IAA-amido synthase group II --- photoperiod --- linkage map --- SAM --- ground tissue --- signaling --- differentiation --- protoxylem --- ambient temperature --- gibberellins --- molecular regulation --- proximodistal patterning --- wheat-rye hybrids --- RolD --- somatic cell selection --- flowering time --- plant development and organogenesis --- grass --- root --- wheat --- crop productivity --- genetic transformation --- regulatory networks --- light environment --- rol genes --- root plasticity --- morphogenic --- stem apical meristem --- auxin --- shoot meristem --- Arabidopsis --- organogenesis --- transformation --- Vasculature --- Organogenesis --- radial patterning --- plant development --- reduced height --- root apical meristem --- Asteraceae --- vernalization --- KNOX transcription factors --- locule --- plant cell and tissue culture --- Agrobacterium rhizogenes --- genes of reproductive isolation --- cell wall --- lateral root cap --- CLE --- auxin minimum --- age