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GERHARD RITTER'S biography of Frederick the Great onglnated in a series of lectures, which were published with scarcely any revisions in 1936. In this translation, based on the third edition, published in 1954, Paret has tried to convey the hard and precise style that characterizes the German text, while eliminating some of the numerous adjectives and parallel phrases that a lecturer might have found useful for emphasis but which seem unnecessary on the printed page. With the author's agreement also excluded is the brief introduction and epilogue of the original, since they are addressed specifically to the German reader and to German conditions. Gerhard Ritter died in 1967, shortly after the translation was completed.

Gay men. --- 18th century. --- europe. --- european history. --- european nation states. --- frederick the great. --- german readers. --- german. --- germany. --- government and governing. --- historians. --- historical. --- history students. --- in translation. --- international relations. --- life story. --- military history. --- national leaders. --- nonfiction biography. --- nonfiction. --- political biography. --- prussia. --- prussian armies. --- prussian government. --- prussian history. --- prussian wars. --- royalty. --- silesia. --- textbooks. --- world history.

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Cancer has become the scourge of the twentieth century. It was always part of the human condition, but until recently it was not a common cause of death because most people died from the infectious diseases. Now that so many of us will live long enough to develop cancer, we need to learn as much about it as we can. This requires some understanding of molecular biology. John Cairns has made significant contributions to cancer research, molecular biology, and virology. He believes that it is possible to explain what is known about cancer and about molecular biology in terms that are easily understood by people with little or no scientific training. In this fascinating book, he explores the revolution in public health, the origins and principles of molecular biology, and our emerging understanding of the causes of cancer. Finally, he discusses how these developments are likely to affect future generations. As Cairns points out, the last two hundred years have altered our life expectations beyond all recognition. Even in the less developed nations of the world, people are starting to believe that everyone ought to be able to live into old age and be protected from the major causes of premature death. This change in our expectations is one of the major benefits of technology and the biological sciences. But the resulting explosion in the human population ultimately threatens everything we have gained by scientific progress.

Cancer. --- Life (Biology) --- Molecular biology. --- Ephrussi, Boris. --- Frederick the Great. --- Hodgkin’s disease. --- Jefferson, Thomas. --- Jenner, Edward. --- Koch, Robert. --- Lacks, Henrietta. --- Nirenberg, Marshall. --- Pap smears. --- Pauling, Linus. --- adenovirus oncogenes. --- alkaptonuria. --- allostery. --- antibiotics. --- base-pairing in DNA. --- blender experiment. --- blood-letting. --- brain development. --- catalysis. --- causality. --- chromatography. --- clinical trials. --- contact inhibition. --- dating by radio-isotopes. --- demographic transition. --- differentiation. --- exons. --- feathers. --- fossils and evolution. --- gap junctions. --- genetic code. --- genetic engineering. --- genetic maps. --- greenhouse effect. --- hemoglobin. --- homeotic genes. --- in vitro tranformation. --- keratin. --- life on earth, origin of. --- macromolecules. --- macroparasitism. --- malignant melanoma. --- melanocyte migration. --- mobile genetic elements. --- nasopharyngeal cancer. --- nucleic acid hybridization. --- oncogenes. --- operators. --- ovarian cancer. --- penicillin production. --- pheromones. --- probability. --- promoters.

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In this outstanding collection of essays, Isaiah Berlin, one of the great thinkers of the twentieth century, discusses the importance of dissenters in the history of ideas--among them Machiavelli, Vico, Montesquieu, Herzen, and Sorel. With his unusual powers of imaginative re-creation, Berlin brings to life original minds that swam against the current of their times--and still challenge conventional wisdom. In a new foreword to this corrected edition, which also includes a new appendix of letters in which Berlin discusses and further illuminates some of its topics, noted essayist Mark Lilla argues that Berlin's decision to give up a philosophy fellowship and become a historian of ideas represented not an abandonment of philosophy but a decision to do philosophy by other, perhaps better, means. "His instinct told him," Lilla writes, "that you learn more about an idea as an idea when you know something about its genesis and understand why certain people found it compelling and were spurred to action by it." This collection of fascinating intellectual portraits is a rich demonstration of that belief.

Philosophy. --- Idea (Philosophy) --- Age of Enlightenment. --- Alexander Herzen. --- Atheism. --- Bourgeoisie. --- Calculation. --- Capitalism. --- Chauvinism. --- Civilisation (TV series). --- Class conflict. --- Classicism. --- Communism. --- Consciousness. --- Cosmopolitanism. --- Criticism. --- Despotism. --- Empiricism. --- Epistemology. --- Existentialism. --- Explanation. --- Feeling. --- Form of life (philosophy). --- Frederick the Great. --- Germans. --- Giambattista Vico. --- Giuseppe Mazzini. --- Hatred. --- Herder. --- Historicism. --- Human spirit. --- Humiliation. --- Ideology. --- Immanuel Kant. --- Imperialism. --- Individualism. --- Institution. --- Intellectual. --- Irrationality. --- Isaiah Berlin. --- Italians. --- Jacques Derrida. --- Jews. --- Joseph de Maistre. --- Left-wing politics. --- Literature. --- Marxism. --- Materialism. --- Monism. --- Montesquieu. --- Morality. --- Moses Hess. --- Moses Mendelssohn. --- Nationalism. --- Nationality. --- Natural science. --- Niccolò Machiavelli. --- Obstacle. --- Pessimism. --- Philosopher. --- Philosophy of history. --- Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. --- Poetry. --- Political philosophy. --- Politics. --- Positivism. --- Prejudice. --- Principle. --- Rationalism. --- Rationality. --- Reactionary. --- Reality. --- Reason. --- Relativism. --- Religion. --- Resentment. --- Rhetoric. --- Romanticism. --- Science. --- Scientific method. --- Scientist. --- Skepticism. --- Social theory. --- Stupidity. --- Sturm und Drang. --- Superiority (short story). --- Søren Kierkegaard. --- The New Science. --- The Philosopher. --- Theism. --- Theology. --- Theory. --- Thomas Hobbes. --- Thought. --- Toleration. --- Treatise. --- Utilitarianism. --- Utopia. --- Western thought. --- Writing. --- Zionism.

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The first modern English edition of diverse Enlightenment-era writings by Prussian monarch Frederick the GreatFrederick II of Prussia (1712–1786), best known as Frederick the Great, was a prolific writer of philosophical discourses, poems, epics, satires, and more, while maintaining extensive correspondence with prominent intellectuals, Voltaire among them. This edition of selected writings, the first to make a wide range of Frederick’s most important ideas available to a modern English readership, moves beyond traditional attempts to see his work only in light of his political aims. In these pages, we can finally appreciate Frederick’s influential contributions to the European Enlightenment—and his unusual role as a monarch who was also a published author.In addition to Frederick’s major opus, the Anti-Machiavel, the works presented here include essays, prefaces, reviews, and dialogues. The subjects discussed run the gamut from ethics to religion to political theory. Accompanied by critical annotations, the texts show that we can understand Frederick’s views of kingship and the state only if we engage with a broad spectrum of his thought, including his attitudes toward morality and self-love. By contextualizing his arguments and impact on Enlightenment beliefs, this volume considers how we can reconcile Frederick’s innovative public musings with his absolutist rule. Avi Lifschitz provides a robust and detailed introduction that discusses Frederick’s life and work against the backdrop of eighteenth-century history and politics.With its unparalleled scope and cross-disciplinary appeal, Frederick the Great’s Philosophical Writings firmly establishes one monarch’s multifaceted relevance for generations of readers and scholars to come.

Philosophy. --- Frederick --- Anti-Machiavel. --- Bayle's Dictionary. --- Bernhard Taureck. --- Christian Wolff. --- Ecclesiastical History. --- Epistle XVIII. --- Epistle XX. --- Essay on Prejudices. --- Essay on self-love. --- Essay on the forms of government and the duties of sovereigns. --- Fleury. --- Frederick the Great on the Art of War. --- French Enlightenment. --- German history. --- History of My Age. --- Jansenist. --- Jay Luvaas. --- Leibniz. --- Letter on Education. --- Paul Sonino. --- Prussia. --- System of Nature. --- Theodor Schieder. --- Tim Blanning. --- To My Soul. --- Voltaire. --- dialogue between Madame de Pompadour and the Virgin Mary. --- early modern history. --- early modern literature. --- early modern philosophy. --- education. --- eighteenth-century Europe. --- enlightened absolutism. --- enlightened despotism. --- enlightenment monarch. --- epistemology. --- ethics. --- freedom of thought. --- history of philosophy. --- innocence of errors of the mind. --- intellectual history. --- kingship. --- monarchy. --- on the vain terrors of death. --- political agency. --- political theory. --- political thought. --- reasons for establishing laws or repealing laws. --- religion. --- service to the state. --- social contract. --- the fears of another life.

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"Since its founding by Ignatius of Loyola in 1540, the Society of Jesus ("The Jesuits") has been intimately involved in the unfolding of the modern world. The young Jesuit order played a crucial role in the Counter Reformation, especially in Poland, southern Germany, and several other parts of Europe. The Jesuits were also participants in the establishment and spread of European empires, engaging in missionary activity in east and south Asia in the 16th and 17th centuries, and becoming central to the spreading of Christianity in the New World. At the same time, Jesuits often tangled with the Roman curia and the Pope, leading to the suppression of the Jesuits in 1773. After the subsequent restoration of the order in 1814, the Jesuits continued to be leaders in Catholic education and theology. In 2013 Jorge Bergoglio became the first Jesuit Pope, taking the name Pope Francis I. In this book, Markus Friedrich presents the first comprehensive account of the Jesuits from a non-Catholic perspective. Drawing on his expertise as a historian of the early modern world, Friedrich situates the Jesuit order within the wider perspective of European history. In particular, he places the Jesuits in the context of social, cultural, and imperial history, showing that the Jesuits were not monolithic but rather were very sensitive to local context and that the order's core texts, especially Ignatius's Spiritual Exercises, were templates to engage with, rather than instructions manuals to be followed slavishly"--

Jesuits --- Jesuits --- History. --- Missions --- History. --- Acolyte. --- Alexandre de Rhodes. --- Alumnus. --- Ambivalence. --- Antonio Possevino. --- Availability. --- Benito Mussolini. --- Blaise Pascal. --- Blessed Sacrament. --- Carlo Carafa. --- Cathedral chapter. --- Censorship. --- Censure. --- Christian mission. --- Civic engagement. --- Civil authority. --- College Church. --- Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. --- Contrition. --- Converso. --- Cornelius Jansen. --- Cruelty. --- Cultural heritage. --- Decree. --- Dialectical materialism. --- Edict. --- English people. --- Evil demon. --- Exaltation (Mormonism). --- Falsity. --- Fine art. --- First Partition of Poland. --- Foreword. --- Francoist Spain. --- Frederick the Great. --- Free will. --- Gallicanism. --- General Congregation. --- Good faith. --- Gratitude. --- Holy Orders (Catholic Church). --- Hydrology (agriculture). --- Ideology. --- Ignatius of Loyola. --- Inculturation. --- Infinitive. --- Irreligion. --- Italian Fascism. --- Jacques Derrida. --- Jan Baptist van Helmont. --- Jansenism. --- John Climacus. --- July Revolution. --- Lay brother. --- Liberalism. --- Marriage in the Catholic Church. --- Miles Christianus. --- Missiology. --- Missionary. --- Molinism. --- National identity. --- National interest. --- Nature and Culture. --- News. --- Old Testament. --- Otto Truchsess von Waldburg. --- Padroado. --- Paganism. --- Patagonia. --- Peace of the Church. --- People in Need (Czech Republic). --- Philipp Jakob Spener. --- Philosophical sin. --- Pierre Nicole. --- Piotr Skarga. --- Pope Pius XI. --- Positive Development. --- Positive statement. --- Pretext. --- Propertius. --- Protestantism. --- Publication. --- Quipu. --- Regimini militantis Ecclesiae. --- Religion. --- Religious studies. --- Scholasticism. --- Scientific instrument. --- Social class. --- Social theory. --- Society of Jesus. --- Spanish Civil War. --- State school. --- Stonyhurst. --- Søren Kierkegaard. --- Tavern. --- The Salvation Army. --- Tithe. --- Toyotomi Hideyoshi. --- Western Europe.