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Dissertation
Foraging preferences of honeybees (Apis melliferaL.) analysed by pollen metabarcoding along an urban-rural gradient, across seasons
Authors: --- --- --- --- --- et al.
Year: 2020 Publisher: Liège Université de Liège (ULiège)

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Abstract

In a context of global biodiversity lost, recent studies support that well-managed cities
could improve the preservation of Hymenoptera and thus provide hot spots for pollination
services. Therefore, cities are in the spotlight of studies in order to determine if they have
sufficient resources to host both domesticated and wild bees. One solution would be to
investigate their floral preferences to promote the biodiversity through integrated urban
greening projects.
Part of this continuum, the present work analyses the pollen collected from 18 different
apiaries distributed in the Kanto region of Japon. The sampling was realised from March to
September 2019. Prior to the analysis, the pollen was identified by pollen metabarcoding.
Next, the objectives were to assess if the species richness and diversity were influenced
influenced by by landscape and/or sampling period. In addition, a trait-based analysis was
conducted to determine if the plant nature (Woody or Herbaceous) and the native status
(Native, Alian or Cultivar) were influenced differ among the landscapes and over the course
of the seasons.
To do this, several test were applied including a K-means clustering associated with a
PCA to determine the landscape classes, a NMDS ordination followed by permutation-based
multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) and a post-hoc multilevel pairwise analysis
to evaluate the differences in the pollen composition. Then the diversity was assessed by a
2ways mixed ANOVA and the Hill indices along rarefaction and extrapolation curves. Finally,
the trait-based analysis was based on a G–test of independence for contingency followed by
a post-hoc pairwise comparisons.
It has been evidenced that the landscape explains minor variations in the plant composition
foraged by honeybees. In contrast, the species richness, pollen diversity and plant composition
showed a strong dependence to the seasons. Regarding the taxonomic composition, the
Fabaceae, Rosaceae, Brassicaceae, Plantaginaceae and Onagraceae represent the families with
the most frequent observations in all samples combined.
The present study contributes to a broader understanding of the ecology and floral preferences
foraged by honeybees on which the urban planning can rely in order to promote the biodiversity
in the cities.


Book
Fitness landscapes and the origin of species (MPB-41)
Author:
ISBN: 0691187053 Year: 2018 Publisher: Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press,

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Abstract

The origin of species has fascinated both biologists and the general public since the publication of Darwin's Origin of Species in 1859. Significant progress in understanding the process was achieved in the "modern synthesis," when Theodosius Dobzhansky, Ernst Mayr, and others reconciled Mendelian genetics with Darwin's natural selection. Although evolutionary biologists have developed significant new theory and data about speciation in the years since the modern synthesis, this book represents the first systematic attempt to summarize and generalize what mathematical models tell us about the dynamics of speciation. Fitness Landscapes and the Origin of Species presents both an overview of the forty years of previous theoretical research and the author's new results. Sergey Gavrilets uses a unified framework based on the notion of fitness landscapes introduced by Sewall Wright in 1932, generalizing this notion to explore the consequences of the huge dimensionality of fitness landscapes that correspond to biological systems. In contrast to previous theoretical work, which was based largely on numerical simulations, Gavrilets develops simple mathematical models that allow for analytical investigation and clear interpretation in biological terms. Covering controversial topics, including sympatric speciation and the effects of sexual conflict on speciation, this book builds for the first time a general, quantitative theory for the origin of species.

Keywords

Models, Genetic. --- Population Genetics. --- Evolution. --- Population biology. --- Species diversity. --- Population genetics --- Evolution (Biology) --- Species --- Mathematical models. --- Adaptive radiation. --- Allele frequency. --- Allele. --- Allopatric speciation. --- Assortative mating. --- Biodiversity. --- Character displacement. --- Charles Darwin. --- Digamma function. --- Directional selection. --- Disruptive selection. --- Ecological niche. --- Ecological selection. --- Ecology. --- Ecotype. --- Error threshold (evolution). --- Evolution of dominance. --- Evolutionary biology. --- Evolutionary dynamics. --- Evolutionary ecology. --- Evolutionary radiation. --- Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection. --- Fisherian runaway. --- Fitness (biology). --- Fitness function. --- Fitness landscape. --- Fitness model (network theory). --- Founder effect. --- Frequency-dependent selection. --- G-test. --- Gene flow. --- Gene. --- Genetic architecture. --- Genetic association. --- Genetic correlation. --- Genetic distance. --- Genetic divergence. --- Genetic drift. --- Genetic heterogeneity. --- Genetic structure. --- Genetic variability. --- Genetic variance. --- Genetic variation. --- Genetics and the Origin of Species. --- Genotype frequency. --- Genotype-phenotype distinction. --- Genotype. --- Group selection. --- Haldane's rule. --- Haplotype. --- Hardy–Weinberg principle. --- Hybrid (biology). --- Hybrid speciation. --- Hybrid zone. --- Inbreeding. --- Linkage disequilibrium. --- Local adaptation. --- Logarithm. --- Macroevolution. --- Mate choice. --- Mating preferences. --- Mating. --- Model organism. --- Modern evolutionary synthesis. --- Mutation rate. --- Mutation–selection balance. --- Natural selection. --- Nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution. --- Neutral network (evolution). --- On the Origin of Species. --- Order statistic. --- Parapatric speciation. --- Peripatric speciation. --- Phenotype. --- Phenotypic trait. --- Polymorphism (biology). --- Population ecology. --- Population genetics. --- Population size. --- Probability. --- Quantitative genetics. --- Quantitative trait locus. --- Rate of evolution. --- Reproductive isolation. --- Reproductive success. --- Ring species. --- Segregate (taxonomy). --- Selection coefficient. --- Sexual selection. --- Spatial ecology. --- Speciation (genetic algorithm). --- Speciation. --- Species complex. --- Species–area curve. --- Stepwise mutation model. --- Sympatric speciation. --- Taxonomy (biology). --- Trait theory.

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