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Secretion of cytokines and chemokines by innate immune cells
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Year: 2015 Publisher: Frontiers Media SA

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The release of cytokines, chemokines, and other immune-modulating mediators released from innate immune cells, including eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, and epithelial cells, is an important event in immunity. Cytokine synthesis and transportation occurs through the canonical protein trafficking pathway associated with endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. How cytokines are released upon their exit from the trans-Golgi network varies enormously between cell types, and in many cells this has not yet been characterized. This issue delves into the plethora of cytokines released by innate immune cells, and where possible, shines light on specific mechanisms that regulate trafficking and release of Golgi-derived vesicles. Each cell type also shows varying degrees of dependency on microtubule organization and actin cytoskeleton remodeling for cytokine secretion. Understanding the mechanisms of cytokine secretion will reveal the inner workings of individual innate immune cell types, and allow identification of critical regulatory steps in cytokine release.


Dissertation
Role of Exostosin and Rab-Gtpase proteins in cell homeostasis
Authors: --- --- --- --- --- et al.
Year: 2018 Publisher: Liège Université de Liège (ULiège)

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Exostosin is a family of type II transmembrane glycosyltransferase enzymes, containing five members:&#13;EXT1, EXT2, EXTL1, EXTL2, EXTL3. These proteins are linked with heparan sulfate chains polymerization on&#13;heparan sulfate proteoglycans, but recent advances demonstrated that some of these members exhibit&#13;novel functions. Rab GTPases family is composed of at least 60 members of membrane-bound proteins that&#13;regulate many steps of membrane trafficking. The aim of this study is to analyse potential interplay between EXT and Rab family members in Notch signaling. Rab GTPases were cloned in an expression vector and&#13;transfected in human cells to observe their potential effect on NOTCH1 expression. Cell lines silenced for&#13;each EXT member were created and their characteristics assessed. EXT1 and EXT2 protein production in&#13;Yarrowia lipolytica was also considered to perform in vitro analyzes using purified proteins. As a result, a&#13;functional library of Rab GTPases in expression vector was created, verified, and is ready to be used for&#13;transfection experiments. Stable knockdown cell lines were successfully created for EXT genes, a reduction&#13;of NOTCH1 expression was observed when EXT2 or EXTL3 were silenced, probably due to modification of&#13;the trafficking mechanism and/or genetic co-regulation. Protein production did not show significant&#13;results. These results suggest a new model for increased NOTCH1 trafficking: overexpression of EXT2 and&#13;Rab10 with simultaneous silencing of EXT1. Rab GTPases were cloned in an expression vector and&#13;transfected in human cells to observe their potential effect on NOTCH1 expression. Cell lines silenced for&#13;each EXT member were created and their characteristics assessed. EXT1 and EXT2 protein production in&#13;Yarrowia lipolytica was also considered to perform in vitro analyzes using purified proteins. As a result, a&#13;functional library of Rab GTPases in expression vector was created, verified, and is ready to be used for&#13;transfection experiments. Stable knockdown cell lines were successfully created for EXT genes, a reduction&#13;of NOTCH1 expression was observed when EXT2 or EXTL3 were silenced, probably due to modification of&#13;the trafficking mechanism and/or genetic co-regulation. Protein production did not show significant&#13;results. These results suggest a new model for increased NOTCH1 trafficking: overexpression of EXT2 and&#13;Rab10 with simultaneous silencing of EXT1.


Book
Secretion of cytokines and chemokines by innate immune cells
Authors: ---
Year: 2015 Publisher: Frontiers Media SA

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Abstract

The release of cytokines, chemokines, and other immune-modulating mediators released from innate immune cells, including eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, and epithelial cells, is an important event in immunity. Cytokine synthesis and transportation occurs through the canonical protein trafficking pathway associated with endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. How cytokines are released upon their exit from the trans-Golgi network varies enormously between cell types, and in many cells this has not yet been characterized. This issue delves into the plethora of cytokines released by innate immune cells, and where possible, shines light on specific mechanisms that regulate trafficking and release of Golgi-derived vesicles. Each cell type also shows varying degrees of dependency on microtubule organization and actin cytoskeleton remodeling for cytokine secretion. Understanding the mechanisms of cytokine secretion will reveal the inner workings of individual innate immune cell types, and allow identification of critical regulatory steps in cytokine release.


Book
Secretion of cytokines and chemokines by innate immune cells
Authors: ---
Year: 2015 Publisher: Frontiers Media SA

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Abstract

The release of cytokines, chemokines, and other immune-modulating mediators released from innate immune cells, including eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, and epithelial cells, is an important event in immunity. Cytokine synthesis and transportation occurs through the canonical protein trafficking pathway associated with endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. How cytokines are released upon their exit from the trans-Golgi network varies enormously between cell types, and in many cells this has not yet been characterized. This issue delves into the plethora of cytokines released by innate immune cells, and where possible, shines light on specific mechanisms that regulate trafficking and release of Golgi-derived vesicles. Each cell type also shows varying degrees of dependency on microtubule organization and actin cytoskeleton remodeling for cytokine secretion. Understanding the mechanisms of cytokine secretion will reveal the inner workings of individual innate immune cell types, and allow identification of critical regulatory steps in cytokine release.


Book
Rho GTPases : Methods and Protocols
Author:
ISBN: 1493986120 1493986112 Year: 2018 Publisher: New York, NY : Springer New York : Imprint: Humana,

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This detailed book expands upon the previous edition with a collection of methods for those performing experimental work on small GTPases of the Rho family. Split into four sections, the volume explores computational modeling and imaging procedures, biochemical methods related to post-translational modifications of Rho GTPases as well as some high throughput methods, functional assays that allow for monitoring the consequences of manipulating Rho GTPases in a variety of cell types and cell biology processes, and techniques specifically designed for studies in selected non-mammalian model organisms (zebrafish, social ameba, plants and algae). Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on trouble shooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and up-to-date, Rho GTPases: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition constitutes an invaluable tool for all those with an interest in this remarkable family of signaling proteins.

Bacterial Virulence Factors and Rho GTPases
Authors: ---
ISBN: 1280306319 9786610306312 3540275118 3540238654 3642062806 Year: 2005 Publisher: Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg : Imprint: Springer,

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Pathogenic bacteria for human and animals have developed sophisticated weapons, termed virulence factors, to ensure their replication and persistence into their hosts. The first role of these virulence factors is to loosen the host defenses against microorganisms represented by innate and adaptive immunities. Small GTPases of the Rho subfamily have been shown top play important functions in theses systems. The authors of this volume present the synthesis on how the various host cellular Rho GTPases activities are manipulated by bacteria to fulfill their virulence.

GTPases in biology
Authors: ---
ISBN: 0387567739 3540567739 3540569375 3642782698 3642782671 3642783473 3642783457 Year: 1993 Volume: 108 Publisher: Berlin ; Heidelberg ; London Springer

Regulators and effectors of small GTPases : Rho family
Authors: --- ---
ISSN: 00766879 ISBN: 0121828115 9780121828110 9786611050368 1281050369 0080479391 Year: 2006 Volume: 406 Publisher: Amsterdam ; Boston : Elsevier : Academic Press,

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The Ras superfamily (>150 human members) encompasses Ras GTPases involved in cell proliferation, Rho GTPases involved in regulating the cytoskeleton, Rab GTPases involved in membrane targeting/fusion and a group of GTPases including Sar1, Arf, Arl and dynamin involved in vesicle budding/fission. These GTPases act as molecular switches and their activities are controlled by a large number of regulatory molecules that affect either GTP loading (guanine nucleotide exchange factors or GEFs) or GTP hydrolysis (GTPase activating proteins or GAPs). In their active state, they interact with a continua

Regulators and effectors of small GTPases : part E : GTPases involved in vesicular traffic
Authors: --- ---
ISSN: 00766879 ISBN: 0121822346 9786611020842 1281020842 0080522564 0121822265 0121822338 0121822303 9786611011093 1281011096 0080496806 9786611020835 1281020834 0080522556 9786611011130 1281011134 0080496849 9780121822309 9780121822330 9780121822347 9780121822262 Year: 2001 Volume: 325-329-332-333 Publisher: New York, NY ; London : Academic Press,

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Small GTPases play a key role in many aspects of contemporary cell biology: control of cell growth and differentiation; regulation of cell adhesion and cell movement; the organization of the actin cytoskeleton; and the regulation of intracellular vesicular transport.This volume and its companions (Volumes 255, 256, 257, and the forthcoming 325) cover all biochemical and biological assays currently in use for analyzing the role of small GTPases in these aspects of cell biology at the molecular level.

Keywords

Guanosine triphosphatase. --- ras Proteins. --- ras Proteins --- Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins --- GTP-Binding Proteins --- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins --- Peptides --- Carrier Proteins --- GTP Phosphohydrolases --- Proteins --- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins --- Acid Anhydride Hydrolases --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Hydrolases --- Enzymes --- Enzymes and Coenzymes --- Ras proteins. --- G proteins. --- GTP-binding proteins --- GTP regulatory proteins --- Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins --- Guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins --- Guanosine triphosphatase --- Guanosine-trifosfatase --- Guanosinetriphosphatase --- Trifosfatase [Guanosine-] --- Triphosphatase [Guanosine] --- rho GTP-Binding Proteins --- Binding Protein --- Binding Proteins --- Transport Proteins --- Protein, Binding --- Proteins, Binding --- Proteins, Carrier --- Proteins, Transport --- G-Protein --- GTP-Binding Protein --- GTP-Regulatory Protein --- Guanine Nucleotide Coupling Protein --- G-Proteins --- GTP-Regulatory Proteins --- Guanine Nucleotide Regulatory Proteins --- G Protein --- G Proteins --- GTP Binding Protein --- GTP Binding Proteins --- GTP Regulatory Protein --- GTP Regulatory Proteins --- Protein, GTP-Binding --- Protein, GTP-Regulatory --- Proteins, GTP-Binding --- Proteins, GTP-Regulatory --- Intracellular Signaling Peptides --- Intracellular Signaling Proteins --- Peptides, Intracellular Signaling --- Proteins, Intracellular Signaling --- Signaling Peptides, Intracellular --- Signaling Proteins, Intracellular --- P21 (rho)Protein --- rho GTP-Binding Protein --- rho Protein P21 --- rho G-Proteins --- rho GTPases --- rho Small GTP-Binding Proteins --- G-Proteins, rho --- GTP-Binding Protein, rho --- GTP-Binding Proteins, rho --- GTPases, rho --- P21, rho Protein --- rho G Proteins --- rho GTP Binding Protein --- rho GTP Binding Proteins --- rho Small GTP Binding Proteins --- GTP Phosphohydrolase --- GTPase --- GTPases --- Guanosine Triphosphate Phosphohydrolases --- Guanosinetriphosphatases --- Phosphohydrolase, GTP --- Phosphohydrolases, GTP --- Phosphohydrolases, Guanosine Triphosphate --- Triphosphate Phosphohydrolases, Guanosine --- ras-Related G-Proteins --- ras-Related GTP-Binding Proteins --- G-Proteins, Monomeric --- GTP-Binding Proteins, Monomeric --- Monomeric G-Proteins --- Small G-Proteins --- Small GTPases --- ras-Related GTPases --- G Proteins, Monomeric --- G-Proteins, Small --- G-Proteins, ras-Related --- GTP Binding Proteins, Monomeric --- GTP-Binding Proteins, ras-Related --- GTPases, Small --- GTPases, ras-Related --- Monomeric G Proteins --- Monomeric GTP Binding Proteins --- Proteins, ras-Related GTP-Binding --- Small G Proteins --- ras Related G Proteins --- ras Related GTP Binding Proteins --- ras Related GTPases --- Anhydride Hydrolases, Acid --- Hydrolases, Acid Anhydride --- Biochemistry -- Periodicals. --- Biochemistry -- Technique. --- Enzymes -- Collections. --- Enzymes -- Periodicals. --- Enzymologie -- Technique -- Collections. --- GTP Phosphohydrolases. --- GTP phosphohydrolase --- Guanosine triphosphate phosphohydrolase --- GTP phosphohydrolases. --- Cytoplasmic Vesicles --- Physiological effect --- G proteins --- Membrane proteins --- Phosphatases --- Coenzymes and Enzymes --- Biocatalysts --- Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action --- Protein Binding --- Receptors, Transferrin --- Gene Products, Protein --- Gene Proteins --- Protein Gene Products --- Proteins, Gene --- Polypeptides --- Biocatalyst --- Enzyme --- Carrier Protein --- Transport Protein --- Protein, Carrier --- Protein, Transport --- Protein --- Peptide --- Polypeptide --- Hydrolase --- Small GTPase --- GTPase, Small --- rho GTPase --- GTPase, rho --- Gene expression. --- Gtp phosphohydrolases --- Map kinase signaling system --- Adp-ribosylation factors --- Gtp-binding proteins --- Gtp phosphohydrolase activators --- Gtp-binding protein regulators


Book
The Rho GTPases in Cancer
Author:
ISBN: 1441911103 144191112X 9786612831768 1441911111 1282831763 1489982868 Year: 2010 Publisher: New York, NY : Springer New York : Imprint: Springer,

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The Rho GTPases in Cancer is the first volume to collect and summarize the current understanding of the Rho GTPases and their involvement in the progression of human cancer. The critical role of the Rho GTPases, their regulatory proteins, and their effectors in cancer progression has become increasingly evident over the past decade. As translational research increases on these proteins, their importance as keystone molecules in vital cellular process is highlighted. Thus, these molecules represent a major class of potential therapeutic targets that could be exploited clinically. This aspect of Rho GTPase biology is developing, therefore the contents of The Rho GTPases in Cancer should prove of interest to clinicians and members of the cancer research community wishing to develop new treatments for cancer.

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