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This new edition of The Standard Model and Beyond presents an advanced introduction to the physics and formalism of the standard model and other non-abelian gauge theories. It provides a solid background for understanding supersymmetry, string theory, extra dimensions, dynamical symmetry breaking, and cosmology. In addition to updating all of the experimental and phenomenological results from the first edition, it contains a new chapter on collider physics; expanded discussions of Higgs, neutrino, and dark matter physics; and many new problems.
Standard model (Nuclear physics) --- Modèle standard (physique nucléaire) --- Standard model (Nuclear physics). --- Nuclear models --- Nuclear reactions --- Gauge Theory --- Higgs Boson --- High-energy physics --- Particle physics --- Strong Interaction --- Weak Interaction --- Modèle standard (physique nucléaire)
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This book contains seven reviews and four research articles on the various modern approaches to the problem of quark confinement in quantum chromodynamics (QCD). These approaches include microscopic models of the Yang–Mills vacuum, which are based on the condensation of magnetic monopoles and center vortices, as well as the models of the confining quark-antiquark string. Possible applications of these models to the analysis of the novel superinsulating state, which emerges in such condensed-matter systems as Josephson junction arrays, are further discussed in one of the reviews. Two reviews from this collection discuss the approaches towards the analytic construction of effective confining theories, at the classical level and within the center-vortex model of the Yang–Mills vacuum. Other aspects of non-perturbative physics addressed by this collection include a possible connection between the localization of low-lying Dirac eigenmodes with the deconfinement and the chiral QCD phase transitions, as well as the role of topology in baryon-rich matter. Last but not least, a novel model of dark matter, based on ultralight axion particles, whose masses are arising due to distinct SU(2) Yang–Mills scales and the Planck mass, is suggested and developed in one of the contributed articles.
Research & information: general --- quantum chromodynamics --- confinement --- center vortex model --- vacuum structure --- cooling --- Lattice Gauge Theories --- Effective String Theories --- localization --- QCD --- lattice gauge theory --- finite temperature --- galaxy rotation curves --- low surface brightness --- dark matter --- dark energy --- ultralight axion particles --- cores --- halos --- mass-density --- profiles --- pure Yang–Mills theory --- monopoles --- topological interactions --- ensembles and effective fields --- topological solitons --- higher order theories --- gauge theory --- effective field theory --- magnetic flux symmetry --- chiral symmetry --- monopole --- lattice QCD --- spontaneous symmetry breaking --- Abelian projection --- magnetic catalysis --- magnetic disorder --- confinement models --- center vortices --- magnetic monopoles --- quark condensate --- topology --- lattice field theory --- dense matter --- phase transitions --- n/a --- pure Yang-Mills theory
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This book contains seven reviews and four research articles on the various modern approaches to the problem of quark confinement in quantum chromodynamics (QCD). These approaches include microscopic models of the Yang–Mills vacuum, which are based on the condensation of magnetic monopoles and center vortices, as well as the models of the confining quark-antiquark string. Possible applications of these models to the analysis of the novel superinsulating state, which emerges in such condensed-matter systems as Josephson junction arrays, are further discussed in one of the reviews. Two reviews from this collection discuss the approaches towards the analytic construction of effective confining theories, at the classical level and within the center-vortex model of the Yang–Mills vacuum. Other aspects of non-perturbative physics addressed by this collection include a possible connection between the localization of low-lying Dirac eigenmodes with the deconfinement and the chiral QCD phase transitions, as well as the role of topology in baryon-rich matter. Last but not least, a novel model of dark matter, based on ultralight axion particles, whose masses are arising due to distinct SU(2) Yang–Mills scales and the Planck mass, is suggested and developed in one of the contributed articles.
Research & information: general --- quantum chromodynamics --- confinement --- center vortex model --- vacuum structure --- cooling --- Lattice Gauge Theories --- Effective String Theories --- localization --- QCD --- lattice gauge theory --- finite temperature --- galaxy rotation curves --- low surface brightness --- dark matter --- dark energy --- ultralight axion particles --- cores --- halos --- mass-density --- profiles --- pure Yang–Mills theory --- monopoles --- topological interactions --- ensembles and effective fields --- topological solitons --- higher order theories --- gauge theory --- effective field theory --- magnetic flux symmetry --- chiral symmetry --- monopole --- lattice QCD --- spontaneous symmetry breaking --- Abelian projection --- magnetic catalysis --- magnetic disorder --- confinement models --- center vortices --- magnetic monopoles --- quark condensate --- topology --- lattice field theory --- dense matter --- phase transitions --- n/a --- pure Yang-Mills theory
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This book contains seven reviews and four research articles on the various modern approaches to the problem of quark confinement in quantum chromodynamics (QCD). These approaches include microscopic models of the Yang–Mills vacuum, which are based on the condensation of magnetic monopoles and center vortices, as well as the models of the confining quark-antiquark string. Possible applications of these models to the analysis of the novel superinsulating state, which emerges in such condensed-matter systems as Josephson junction arrays, are further discussed in one of the reviews. Two reviews from this collection discuss the approaches towards the analytic construction of effective confining theories, at the classical level and within the center-vortex model of the Yang–Mills vacuum. Other aspects of non-perturbative physics addressed by this collection include a possible connection between the localization of low-lying Dirac eigenmodes with the deconfinement and the chiral QCD phase transitions, as well as the role of topology in baryon-rich matter. Last but not least, a novel model of dark matter, based on ultralight axion particles, whose masses are arising due to distinct SU(2) Yang–Mills scales and the Planck mass, is suggested and developed in one of the contributed articles.
quantum chromodynamics --- confinement --- center vortex model --- vacuum structure --- cooling --- Lattice Gauge Theories --- Effective String Theories --- localization --- QCD --- lattice gauge theory --- finite temperature --- galaxy rotation curves --- low surface brightness --- dark matter --- dark energy --- ultralight axion particles --- cores --- halos --- mass-density --- profiles --- pure Yang–Mills theory --- monopoles --- topological interactions --- ensembles and effective fields --- topological solitons --- higher order theories --- gauge theory --- effective field theory --- magnetic flux symmetry --- chiral symmetry --- monopole --- lattice QCD --- spontaneous symmetry breaking --- Abelian projection --- magnetic catalysis --- magnetic disorder --- confinement models --- center vortices --- magnetic monopoles --- quark condensate --- topology --- lattice field theory --- dense matter --- phase transitions --- n/a --- pure Yang-Mills theory
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"Holographic Quantum Matter describes a new field that has emerged in the past decade at the interface of condensed matter physics and quantum gravity. Experimental discoveries in condensed matter have led to the identification of numerous materials--like high temperature superconductors (HTS)--in which the collective motion of electrons requires deeper understand of quantum effects at large length scales. HTS's act as a "strange metal" in which the charge and energy is not carried by quasiparticles. In the meantime, studies of quantum gravity using string theory led to a major breakthrough with the identification of a mathematical tool known as the holographic correspondence. The authors describe the developments that followed with the realization that states of quantum matter without quasiparticle excitations are precisely those that are efficiently described by the holographic correspondence. The book is addressed to graduate students in theoretical physics, especially those specializing in condensed matter, string theory, or quantum field theory. It presents the necessary background in the study of quantum matter and in string theory, so that students in both fields are apprised of recent developments in the other field. It connects this introductory discussion to what are the most important recent developments. It provides the tools and motivation for performing holographic computations. And it explains how the salient technical results from holographic studies have led to new insights into quantum matter"--
Holography. --- Duality (Nuclear physics) --- Condensed matter. --- Condensed materials --- Condensed media --- Condensed phase --- Materials, Condensed --- Media, Condensed --- Phase, Condensed --- Liquids --- Matter --- Solids --- Nuclear reactions --- Scattering (Physics) --- Laser photography --- Lensless photography --- Photography, Lensless --- Wavefront reconstruction imaging --- Diffraction --- Holographic interferometry --- Interference (Light) --- Interferometry --- Laser recording --- Photonics --- Speckle metrology --- Three-dimensional display systems --- quantum matter --- holographic --- condensed matter --- condensed matter physics --- quantum --- quantum field theory --- holographic duality --- duality --- black hole --- superconductors --- theoretical physics --- quantum gravity --- holographic principle --- gauge theory --- string theory --- cosmology --- adSCFT correspondence --- anti-de Sitterconformal field theory correspondence --- Maldacena duality --- gaugegravity duality --- holographic correspondence
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The theory of quantum chromo dynamics (QCD), an organic part of the standard model (SM) of particle physics, has been validated by many theoretical and experimental studies. The strongly coupled QCD dynamics controls colored particles’ (quarks and gluons) collective motion at large spacetime separations and the formation of colorless composite states (hadrons). While QCD theory and the related phenomenology aspects are being intensively studied in laboratory measurements, the possible connections of this important layer of knowledge to cosmology remain rather vague and largely unexplored. No doubt, the physical vacuum has been transformed many times throughout the lifetime of the universe and has affected its history through a sequence of events, such as the cosmic inflation, phase transitions, and the dark-energy-dominated expansion. Strong interactions could play an important role in some of these cosmological events. In particular, the emergence of a new state of matter called the quark-gluon plasma at the LHC is often suggested to provide an important source of empirical knowledge to what the universe looked like in the first few moments after the Big Bang. This Special Issue aims at creating an overview of the recent progress in these directions by focusing on the novel implications of quantum chromo, or more generally, Yang–Mills (YM) dynamics, to the physics of the early universe and critical phenomena in cosmology.
Research & information: general --- Physics --- dynamics of phase transitions --- spinodal instability --- heavy-ion collisions --- neutron stars --- dark energy --- non-Abelian gauge theory --- condensate --- QCD --- DGLAP equations --- physics beyond the standard model --- tensorgluons --- extended DGLAP equations --- tensorgluon splitting functions --- neutron star --- equation of state --- many-body methods of nuclear matter --- neutron-skin thickness --- GW170817 --- Weyl gravity --- renormalization group --- inflation --- light scalar fields --- axial anomaly --- SU(2) Yang–Mills thermodynamics --- de-percolation of axionic lumps --- cosmological and galactic dark-matter densities --- cosmology --- particle physics --- particle symmetry --- stable particles --- dark matter --- cosmic rays --- QCD in the early universe --- phase transitions --- hydrodynamical evolution --- equation of state of super-dense matter --- classical Yang-Mills fields --- Dark Energy --- Dark Matter --- gluon condensate --- effective Yang-Mills action --- cosmic inflation --- n/a --- SU(2) Yang-Mills thermodynamics --- Research. --- Physics.
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This book contains a valuable discussion of renormalization through the addition of counterterms to the Lagrangian, giving the first complete proof of the cancellation of all divergences in an arbitrary interaction. The author also introduces a new method of renormalizing an arbitrary Feynman amplitude, a method that is simpler than previous approaches and can be used to study the renormalized perturbation series in quantum field theory.
Mathematical physics. --- Quantum field theory. --- Addition. --- Adjoint. --- Amplitude. --- Analytic continuation. --- Analytic function. --- Antiparticle. --- C-number. --- Calculation. --- Change of variables. --- Classical electromagnetism. --- Coefficient. --- Commutative property. --- Compact space. --- Complex analysis. --- Complex number. --- Connectivity (graph theory). --- Constant term. --- Convolution. --- Derivative. --- Diagram (category theory). --- Differentiable function. --- Distribution (mathematics). --- Equation. --- Estimation. --- Explicit formulae (L-function). --- Fermion. --- Fock space. --- Formal power series. --- Fourier transform. --- Free field. --- Gauge theory. --- Graph theory. --- Hilbert space. --- Incidence matrix. --- Interaction picture. --- Invertible matrix. --- Irreducibility (mathematics). --- Isolated singularity. --- Lagrangian (field theory). --- Laurent series. --- Mathematical induction. --- Mathematics. --- Momentum. --- Monomial. --- Multiple integral. --- National Science Foundation. --- Notation. --- Parameter. --- Path integral formulation. --- Permutation. --- Polynomial. --- Power series. --- Probability. --- Propagator. --- Quadratic form. --- Quantity. --- Remainder. --- Renormalization. --- Requirement. --- S-matrix. --- Scattering amplitude. --- Scientific notation. --- Second quantization. --- Several complex variables. --- Simple extension. --- Special case. --- Subset. --- Subtraction. --- Suggestion. --- Summation. --- Taylor series. --- Tensor product. --- Theorem. --- Theory. --- Topological space. --- Translational symmetry. --- Tree (data structure). --- Uniform convergence. --- Vacuum expectation value. --- Vacuum state. --- Vacuum. --- Variable (mathematics). --- Vector field. --- Vector potential. --- Wick's theorem. --- Z0.
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The recent introduction of the Seiberg-Witten invariants of smooth four-manifolds has revolutionized the study of those manifolds. The invariants are gauge-theoretic in nature and are close cousins of the much-studied SU(2)-invariants defined over fifteen years ago by Donaldson. On a practical level, the new invariants have proved to be more powerful and have led to a vast generalization of earlier results. This book is an introduction to the Seiberg-Witten invariants. The work begins with a review of the classical material on Spin c structures and their associated Dirac operators. Next comes a discussion of the Seiberg-Witten equations, which is set in the context of nonlinear elliptic operators on an appropriate infinite dimensional space of configurations. It is demonstrated that the space of solutions to these equations, called the Seiberg-Witten moduli space, is finite dimensional, and its dimension is then computed. In contrast to the SU(2)-case, the Seiberg-Witten moduli spaces are shown to be compact. The Seiberg-Witten invariant is then essentially the homology class in the space of configurations represented by the Seiberg-Witten moduli space. The last chapter gives a flavor for the applications of these new invariants by computing the invariants for most Kahler surfaces and then deriving some basic toological consequences for these surfaces.
Four-manifolds (Topology) --- Seiberg-Witten invariants. --- Mathematical physics. --- Physical mathematics --- Physics --- Invariants --- 4-dimensional manifolds (Topology) --- 4-manifolds (Topology) --- Four dimensional manifolds (Topology) --- Manifolds, Four dimensional --- Low-dimensional topology --- Topological manifolds --- Mathematics --- Affine space. --- Affine transformation. --- Algebra bundle. --- Algebraic surface. --- Almost complex manifold. --- Automorphism. --- Banach space. --- Clifford algebra. --- Cohomology. --- Cokernel. --- Complex dimension. --- Complex manifold. --- Complex plane. --- Complex projective space. --- Complex vector bundle. --- Complexification (Lie group). --- Computation. --- Configuration space. --- Conjugate transpose. --- Covariant derivative. --- Curvature form. --- Curvature. --- Differentiable manifold. --- Differential topology. --- Dimension (vector space). --- Dirac equation. --- Dirac operator. --- Division algebra. --- Donaldson theory. --- Duality (mathematics). --- Eigenvalues and eigenvectors. --- Elliptic operator. --- Elliptic surface. --- Equation. --- Fiber bundle. --- Frenet–Serret formulas. --- Gauge fixing. --- Gauge theory. --- Gaussian curvature. --- Geometry. --- Group homomorphism. --- Hilbert space. --- Hodge index theorem. --- Homology (mathematics). --- Homotopy. --- Identity (mathematics). --- Implicit function theorem. --- Intersection form (4-manifold). --- Inverse function theorem. --- Isomorphism class. --- K3 surface. --- Kähler manifold. --- Levi-Civita connection. --- Lie algebra. --- Line bundle. --- Linear map. --- Linear space (geometry). --- Linearization. --- Manifold. --- Mathematical induction. --- Moduli space. --- Multiplication theorem. --- Neighbourhood (mathematics). --- One-form. --- Open set. --- Orientability. --- Orthonormal basis. --- Parameter space. --- Parametric equation. --- Parity (mathematics). --- Partial derivative. --- Principal bundle. --- Projection (linear algebra). --- Pullback (category theory). --- Quadratic form. --- Quaternion algebra. --- Quotient space (topology). --- Riemann surface. --- Riemannian manifold. --- Sard's theorem. --- Sign (mathematics). --- Sobolev space. --- Spin group. --- Spin representation. --- Spin structure. --- Spinor field. --- Subgroup. --- Submanifold. --- Surjective function. --- Symplectic geometry. --- Symplectic manifold. --- Tangent bundle. --- Tangent space. --- Tensor product. --- Theorem. --- Three-dimensional space (mathematics). --- Trace (linear algebra). --- Transversality (mathematics). --- Two-form. --- Zariski tangent space.
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The essential introduction to magnetic reconnection—written by a leading pioneer of the fieldPlasmas comprise more than 99 percent of the visible universe; and, wherever plasmas are, magnetic reconnection occurs. In this common and yet incompletely understood physical process, oppositely directed magnetic fields in a plasma meet, break, and then reconnect, converting the huge amounts of energy stored in magnetic fields into kinetic and thermal energy. In Magnetic Reconnection, Masaaki Yamada offers an illuminating synthesis of modern research and advances on this important topic. Magnetic reconnection produces such phenomena as solar flares and the northern lights, and occurs in nuclear fusion devices. A better understanding of this crucial cosmic activity is essential to comprehending the universe and varied technological applications, such as satellite communications. Most of our knowledge of magnetic reconnection comes from theoretical and computational models and laboratory experiments, but space missions launched in recent years have added up-close observation and measurements to researchers’ tools. Describing the fundamental physics of magnetic reconnection, Yamada connects the theory with the latest results from laboratory experiments and space-based observations, including the Magnetic Reconnection Experiment (MRX) and the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) Mission. He concludes by considering outstanding problems and laying out a road map for future research.Aimed at advanced graduate students and researchers in plasma astrophysics, solar physics, and space physics, Magnetic Reconnection provides cutting-edge information vital area of scientific investigation.
Magnetic reconnection. --- SCIENCE / Physics / Magnetism. --- Acceleration. --- Accretion disk. --- Ampere. --- Annihilation. --- Astrophysical plasma. --- Astrophysics. --- Bremsstrahlung. --- Collision frequency. --- Collisionality. --- Coronal loop. --- Coronal mass ejection. --- Coulomb collision. --- Current density. --- Current sheet. --- Cyclotron. --- Debye length. --- Diffusion layer. --- Dissipation. --- Drift velocity. --- Dynamo theory. --- Electric field. --- Electrical resistivity and conductivity. --- Electron temperature. --- Electrostatics. --- Energy transformation. --- Experimental physics. --- Fermi acceleration. --- Feynman diagram. --- Field effect (semiconductor). --- Field line. --- Fine structure. --- Flux tube. --- Fusion power. --- Gauge theory. --- Gyroradius. --- Hall effect. --- Inductance. --- Induction equation. --- Instability. --- Interferometry. --- Ion acoustic wave. --- Ionization. --- Kinetic theory of gases. --- Kink instability. --- Landau damping. --- Langmuir probe. --- Length scale. --- Lorentz force. --- Madison Symmetric Torus. --- Magnetar. --- Magnetic confinement fusion. --- Magnetic diffusivity. --- Magnetic dipole. --- Magnetic energy. --- Magnetic field. --- Magnetic flux. --- Magnetic helicity. --- Magnetization. --- Magnetohydrodynamics. --- Magnetopause. --- Magnetosheath. --- Magnetosonic wave. --- Magnetosphere. --- Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. --- Mean free path. --- Momentum transfer. --- Neutral beam injection. --- Nonlinear optics. --- Nuclear fusion. --- Paramagnetism. --- Particle physics. --- Pitch angle (particle motion). --- Plasma (physics). --- Plasma acceleration. --- Plasma oscillation. --- Plasma parameter. --- Plasma parameters. --- Plasma stability. --- Plasmoid. --- Quadrupole. --- Relativistic plasma. --- Reversed field pinch. --- Safety factor (plasma physics). --- Scattering. --- Skin effect. --- Solar flare. --- Spacecraft. --- Spatial scale. --- Spheromak. --- Stark effect. --- Substorm. --- Synchrotron radiation. --- Thermodynamic equilibrium. --- Thomson scattering. --- Tokamak. --- Two-dimensional space. --- Van Allen radiation belt. --- Weibel instability. --- X-ray. --- Annihilation, Magnetic field --- Magnetic field annihilation --- Magnetic field line merging --- Merging, Magnetic field line --- Reconnection, Magnetic --- Reconnection (Astronomy) --- Astrophysics --- Geophysics --- Magnetic fields
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How Social Security has shaped American politics—and why it faces insolvencySince its establishment, Social Security has become the financial linchpin of American retirement. Yet demographic trends—longer lifespans and declining birthrates—mean that this popular program now pays more in benefits than it collects in revenue. Without reforms, 83 million Americans will face an immediate benefit cut of 20 percent in 2034. How did we get here and what is the solution? In Fixing Social Security, R. Douglas Arnold explores the historical role that Social Security has played in American politics, why Congress has done nothing to fix its insolvency problem for three decades, and what legislators can do to save it.What options do legislators have as the program nears the precipice? They can raise taxes, as they did in 1977, cut benefits, as they did in 1983, or reinvent the program, as they attempted in 2005. Unfortunately, every option would impose costs, and legislators are reluctant to act, fearing electoral retribution. Arnold investigates why politicians designed the system as they did and how between 1935 and 1983 they allocated—and reallocated—costs and benefits among workers, employers, and beneficiaries. He also examines public support for the program, and why Democratic and Republican representatives, once political allies in expanding Social Security, have become so deeply polarized about fixing it.As Social Security edges closer to crisis, Fixing Social Security offers a comprehensive analysis of the political fault lines and a fresh look at what can be done—before it is too late.
Social security. --- Social security --- United States. --- Actuary. --- Affirmative action. --- Amendment. --- Amplitude. --- Awareness. --- Baby boomers. --- Beneficiary (trust). --- Beneficiary. --- Bipartisan Policy Center. --- Cartesian coordinate system. --- Clean Air Act (United States). --- Committee. --- Compton wavelength. --- Consideration. --- Constant term. --- Determinant. --- Donor. --- Economic equilibrium. --- Edward Gramlich. --- Einstein–Hilbert action. --- Electromagnetic field. --- Employment. --- Environmental movement. --- Equations of motion. --- Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax. --- Financial market. --- G.I. Bill. --- Gauge theory. --- General relativity. --- Gradualism. --- Hilbert space. --- Homeland security. --- Income. --- Infant. --- Insolvency. --- Institution. --- Interview. --- Karl Rove. --- Legislation. --- Legislator. --- Life expectancy. --- Longevity. --- Magnetostatics. --- Mass–energy equivalence. --- Medicare Part B. --- Metric tensor (general relativity). --- Momentum operator. --- New Course. --- News conference. --- Optical fiber. --- Otto Kerner Jr. --- Path length. --- Pension. --- Percentage. --- Physicist. --- Point particle. --- Policy. --- Politician. --- Private sector. --- Privatization. --- Provision (accounting). --- Quantity. --- Real number. --- Reproductive rights. --- Retirement age. --- Retirement. --- Running mate. --- Scalar field. --- Severity (video game). --- Sexism. --- Social Security Administration. --- Social Security Benefits. --- Solvency. --- Special relativity. --- Spinor field. --- Supermajority. --- Tax rate. --- Tax. --- Taxable Wage Base. --- Taxpayer. --- Thomas precession. --- Time derivative. --- Tom Daschle. --- Total revenue. --- Transverse mode. --- Voting methods in deliberative assemblies. --- Wage. --- Welfare.
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