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General Louis Eugene Cavaignac has been a symbol of reactionary violence ever since he crushed the insurgent workers of Paris in the "bloody June Days" of 1848. Professor de Luna presents a fresh interpretation of the General, as well as a detailed examination of the turbulent year of European revolution, until Cavaignac was defeated by Louis Bonaparte in the December presidential elections. Many historians have dismissed the Cavaignac period as one of bleak reaction, but Professor de Luna shows that the General was a fervent democratic republican, and that the moderate republicans under Cavaignac offered their own program of political, economic, and educational reform.Originally published in 1969.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

HISTORY / Europe / France. --- Cavaignac, Eugene, --- France --- History

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Ever since the French Revolution, Madame de Pompadour's comment, "Après moi, le déluge" (after me, the deluge), has looked like a callous if accurate prophecy of the political cataclysms that began in 1789. But decades before the Bastille fell, French writers had used the phrase to describe a different kind of selfish recklessness--not toward the flood of revolution but, rather, toward the flood of public debt. In Before the Deluge, Michael Sonenscher examines these fears and the responses to them, and the result is nothing less than a new way of thinking about the intellectual origins of the French Revolution. In this nightmare vision of the future, many prerevolutionary observers predicted that the pressures generated by modern war finance would set off a chain of debt defaults that would either destroy established political orders or cause a sudden lurch into despotic rule. Nor was it clear that constitutional government could keep this possibility at bay. Constitutional government might make public credit more secure, but public credit might undermine constitutional government itself. Before the Deluge examines how this predicament gave rise to a widespread eighteenth-century interest in figuring out how to establish and maintain representative governments able to realize the promise of public credit while avoiding its peril. By doing so, the book throws new light on a neglected aspect of modern political thought and on the French Revolution.

HISTORY --- War --- HISTORY / Europe / France. --- Causes of war --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- France --- History --- Causes.

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A strikingly new account of the impact of the French Revolution in Paris, across the French countryside, and around the globe The French Revolution has fascinated, perplexed, and inspired for more than two centuries. It was a seismic event that radically transformed France and launched shock waves across the world. In this provocative new history, Peter McPhee draws on a lifetime's study of eighteenth-century France and Europe to create an entirely fresh account of the world's first great modern revolution-its origins, drama, complexity, and significance. Was the Revolution a major turning point in French-even world-history, or was it instead a protracted period of violent upheaval and warfare that wrecked millions of lives? McPhee evaluates the Revolution within a genuinely global context: Europe, the Atlantic region, and even farther. He acknowledges the key revolutionary events that unfolded in Paris, yet also uncovers the varying experiences of French citizens outside the gates of the city: the provincial men and women whose daily lives were altered-or not-by developments in the capital. Enhanced with evocative stories of those who struggled to cope in unpredictable times, McPhee's deeply researched book investigates the changing personal, social, and cultural world of the eighteenth century. His startling conclusions redefine and illuminate both the experience and the legacy of France's transformative age of revolution.

Revolution (France : 1789-1799) --- France --- History --- History of France --- anno 1700-1799 --- anno 1800-1899 --- HISTORY / Europe / France.

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Attracting controversy as readily as they do crowds, art museums--the Grand Louvre project and the new Orsay in Paris, or the proposed Whitney and Guggenheim additions in New York, for example--occupy a curious but central position in world culture. Choosing the art museums of provincial France in the previous century as a paradigm, Daniel Sherman reaches toward an understanding of the museum's place in modern society by exploring its past. He uses an array of previously unstudied archival sources as evidence that the museum's emergence as an institution involved not only the intricacies of national policy but also the political dynamics and social fabric of the nineteenth-century city. The author ascertains that while the French state played an important role in the creation of provincial museums during the Revolutionary era, for much of the next century it was content simply to send works of art to the provinces. When in the 1880s the new Republican regime began to devote more attention to the real purposes and functions of provincial museums, officials were surprised to learn that the initiative had already passed into the hands of local elites who had nurtured their own museums from their inception. Sherman devotes particular attention to the museums of Bordeaux, Dijon, Marseilles, and Rouen. From their origins as repositories for objects confiscated during the Revolution, they began to attract the attention of local governments, which started to add objects purchased at regional art exhibitions. In the period 1860-1890, monumental buildings were constructed, and these museums became identified with the cities' bourgeois leaders. This central connection with local elites has continued to our own day, and leads into the author's stimulating reflections on the art museum's past, present, and future. This original and highly readable account should attract those with an interest in cultural institutions and art history in general as well as those who study the history and sociology of modern France.

ART / General. --- Art and state -- France. --- Art museums -- France -- History -- 19th century. --- HISTORY / Europe / France. --- HISTORY / Modern / 19th Century.

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Les relations franco-allemandes de l’époque de Louis XIV ont souvent été vues à travers le prisme de la rivalité entre une monarchie centralisatrice et un Empire divisé. S’il est vrai que la diplomatie de la France a modifié certains équilibres politiques dans l’Empire, celle des Reichsstände est elle aussi riche en enseignements sur le fonctionnement interne du Saint-Empire, sur sa place dans l’Europe de la première modernité, et sur le rôle structurant que joue la politique étrangère dans le devenir des petites puissances. Cet ouvrage propose de suivre les efforts qu’ont déployé entre 1650 et 1730 les villes hanséatiques de Lübeck, Brême et Hambourg ainsi que les duchés de Gottorp et de Mecklembourg-Schwerin afin d’exister face à la France et dans le concert des États européens. L’influence de leur activité diplomatique sur leur survie met en lumière le lien entre affaires étrangères et existence politique. Les décideurs et les porteurs de cette politique étrangère impliqués dans cette relation dissymétrique entre »le plus grand roi du monde« et les villes et duchés du Nord sont présentés dans leur vie "idienne. Les rouages de la prise de décision, les traditions comme celle de la Hanse, sont à la fois gages de modernisation et de survie. L’ancrage des diplomates dans une Europe divisée par les guerres mais aussi cosmopolite et avide de paix se lit dans leurs réseaux: république des lettres, réseaux marchands. Leur place dans la société pose enfin la question de leur identité. This study deals with France’s impact on the politics of the Hanseatic cities Lübeck, Bremen, and Hamburg and the duchies of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp and Mecklenburg-Schwerin between 1650 and 1730. This was a period of change in the underlying constitutional premises of the Empire. For these powers, negotiation and diplomacy became a matter of life and death, essential for safeguarding the existence of their governments.

France --- Foreign relations --- Relations extérieures --- Hansa towns --- History. --- Relations --- Histoire. --- Holy Roman Empire --- History --- Diplomatie. --- Hanse. --- Mecklenburg-Schwerin. --- Westfälischer Frieden. --- HISTORY / Europe / France. --- Relations extérieures