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During the last decade, 'hybrid warfare' has become a novel yet controversial term in political and military lexicons, intended to suggest some sort of mix between different military and non-military forms of confrontation. Enthusiastic discussion of the notion has been undermined by conceptual vagueness and political manipulation, particularly since the onset of the Ukrainian crisis in early 2014, as ideas about hybrid warfare are traded in Russia and the West, especially in the media. Western defence and political specialists analyzing Russian responses to the crisis have been quick to confirm that hybrid warfare is the Kremlin's main strategy in the twenty-first century. But many respected Russian strategists and political observers contend that it is the West that has been waging hybrid war, Gibridnaya Voyna, since the end of the Cold War. The author offers here a clear delineation of the conceptual debates about hybrid warfare. What leads Russian experts to say that the West is conducting a Gibridnaya Voyna against Russia, and what do they mean by it ? Why do Western observers claim that the Kremlin engages in hybrid warfare ? And, beyond terminology, is this something genuinely new ?

HYBRID WARFARE--RUSSIA (FEDERATION) --- HYBRID WARFARE

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This paper discusses conceptual developments that influenced Russia's operations in Ukraine to outline central elements of the strategies applied in Crimea and Donbas.This theoretical framework is used to answer the central research question : why was the political violence that resulted from Russia's military operations in Donbas and Crimea so drastically different ?

CRIMEA (UKRAINE)--ANNEXATION TO RUSSIA (FEDERATION) --- UKRAINE CONFLICT, 2014 --- -GRAY ZONE --- HYBRID WARFARE--RUSSIA (FEDERATION)

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In sharp contrast to its utopian heyday, cyberspace is now a hotly contested domain in which nations, corporations, and individuals leverage information for strategic gain. Recent revelations about Russia's cyber disinformation campaigns underscore today's great challenges. The author provides here an in-depth and up-to-date examination of the importance of cyberspace operations, why such activities are so often successful, and how influence operations span the spectrum of conventional and digital statecraft.

CYBERSPACE OPERATIONS (MILITARY SCIENCE)--RUSSIA (FEDERATION) --- INFORMATION WARFARE--RUSSIA (FEDERATION) --- HYBRID WARFARE--RUSSIA (FEDERATION) --- DISINFORMATION--RUSSIA (FEDERATION) --- DECEPTION (MILITARY SCIENCE)

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Western academics, politicians, and military leaders alike have labelled Russia's actions in Crimea and its follow-on operations in Eastern Ukraine as a new form of 'Hybrid Warfare'. In this book, the author argues that, despite these claims, the 2014 Crimean operation is more accurately to be seen as the Russian Federation's modern application of historic Soviet political warfare practices - the overt and covert informational, political, and military tools used to influence the actions of foreign governments and foreign populations. The author links the use of Soviet practices, such as the use of propaganda, disinformation, front organizations, and forged political processes, in the Crimea in 2014 to the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 (the 'Prague Spring') and the earliest stages of the invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. Through an in-depth case study analysis of these conflicts, featuring original interviews, government documents and Russian and Ukrainian sources, this book demonstrates that the operation, which inspired discussions about Russian 'Hybrid Warfare', is in fact the modern adaptation of Soviet political warfare tools and not the invention of a new type of warfare.

HYBRID WARFARE--RUSSIA (FEDERATION)--HISTORY --- HYBRID WARFARE--UKRAINE --- UKRAINE CONFLICT, 2014 --- -CRIMEA (UKRAINE)--ANNEXATION TO RUSSIA (FEDERATION) --- RUSSIA (FEDERATION)--MILITARY POLICY

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The Russian government's deniable use of rogues, businessmen, enthusiasts, mercenaries and political technologists confounded policymakers as Moscow waged a covert invasion of Ukraine in 2014. Did Crimea and Donbas reveal the Kremlin's new 'hybrid war' playbook? Or was Moscow itself manipulated by the very forces it had unleashed? Given the disinformation and skewing of the narrative, it is no wonder that the international community has dramatically misunderstood the very nature of this war and was unprepared for the Kremlin's sudden and brutal escalation in 2022. As Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine risks pitting the world's great powers against each other, Hybrid Warriors traces the trajectory of the conflict from the bottom up. Starting from the first pivotal years in the 2010s, the book draws on unique interviews, reporting from the conflict zones, and wider on-the-ground research, to reconstruct the granular relationships between civilians, non-state actors, and the Kremlin that co-opted them. In the process, it speaks not just to the history of this conflict, but also to our wider understanding of how Putin's Kremlin works and how it has prosecuted its war on Ukraine.

Polemology --- anno 2010-2019 --- anno 2020-2029 --- Russia --- Ukraine --- HYBRID WARFARE--RUSSIA (FEDERATION)--HISTORY --- RUSSIA (FEDERATION)--FOREIGN RELATIONS--UKRAINE --- UKRAINE--FOREIGN RELATIONS--RUSSIA (FEDERATION) --- RUSSIA (FEDERATION)--HISTORY --- UKRAINE--HISTORY --- DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS --- HYBRID WARFARE --- 2000-2099