Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Hemoglobin.

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

"Intricate processes involved in perpetuating the multitude of physiological phenomena in the human body often encounter aberrations and omissions in the genetic code of life. While such errors often lead to lethal diseases, at other times they provide distinctive survival advantages and thus unscramble cues to unconventional therapeutic strategies for life-threatening conditions. Hereditary Persistence of Fetal Hemoglobin (HPFH) is one such condition wherein the typically inactivated fetal form of hemoglobin (HbF) remains overexpressed even in adult stages of the bearer's life. Strikingly, this condition is known to ameliorate pathological manifestations in patients with aberrant adult hemoglobin synthesis (e.g. [beta]-hemoglobinopathies like [beta]-thalassemia, sickle cell disease etc.). Early researchers in the field expected such patients to suffer from clinical challenges owing to HbF's high affinity to oxygen and consequent difficulty in its release to cells and tissues. Surprisingly, these patients are known to lead a physiologically normal life. Modern-day hematologists and clinical researchers have looked-up to the concept of "HbF reactivation" as a potential curative strategy for patients suffering from [beta]-hemoglobinopathies like [beta]-thalassemia and sickle cell disease. As a result, several drugs like hydroxyurea, 5-azacytidine, cytosine arabinoside, natural products etc. have been tried in clinics to elevate HbF levels in such patients with limited success and poor understanding on the mechanisms of their action. Associated side-effects and complications of using cytotoxic agents like these restrict their use in most instances. Fortunately, with the advent of newer molecular tools and techniques, researchers are focusing their attention to reengineer the molecular machinery and thus reactivate the gamma-globin gene. This book brings together a selection of chapters dedicated to fetal hemoglobin - its physiological role, regulation, methodologies to manipulate and future strategies. Researchers and scientists interested in the topic will have a comprehensive understanding of the current concepts on fetal hemoglobin modulation and therefore will serve as a launching pad for their research ideas"--

Hemoglobin --- Structure.

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Hemoglobin --- Hemoglobin --- Gene expression --- Hemoglobinopathy

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The accurate estimation of anemia is important for tracking and targeting public health interventions. The primary source of anemia data in low and middle-income countries is The Demographic and Health Surveys Program, in which hemoglobin concentration is assessed with a portable hemoglobinometer. This methodological report examines measurement error of hemoglobin assessment and the intrinsic variation in hemoglobin concentrations among children (age 6-59 months), nonpregnant women of reproductive age (age 15-49), and men (age 15 and above). A total of 80 surveys in The Demographic and Health Surveys Program conducted between 2000 and 2017 were selected, which results in a total of 1,247,942 hemoglobin observations included in this report (children n=405,731, women n=607,101, men n=235,110). Data quality was assessed by examining bias in the sub-sampling strategy, data completeness, and digit preference. Dispersion of the hemoglobin concentrations was also explored but it was difficult to determine whether the patterns observed are the result of measurement error or intrinsic variations. There was little bias found in the situations where hemoglobin measurements were only taken on a subsample of the population, although in a few surveys there was a slight bias by head of household education level, wealth, and urban/rural residence. There were very few values outside of the plausible ranges (mean percent ranged from 0.1 to 0.2% depending on the subpopulation) and only a small percent of data was missing (mean percent ranged from 4.5 to 15%). Digit preference was found to occur for the digits 0 (11.6% of surveys) and 2 (10.5%), and for the combination of digits 6, 7, 8, and 9 (22.1%). Standard deviations were outside the range of 1.1 to 1.5 in many surveys for children (46.3% with excluded implausible values versus 58.8% with included implausible values), women (70.8% with excluded implausible values vs. 81.5% with included implausible values), and men (96.3% with excluded implausible values vs. 96.3% with included implausible values). Data was not normally distributed in many of the surveys, especially among adults. Hemoglobin concentrations were higher in urban regions and wealthy populations, and in these groups there was less data dispersion, skewness, and kurtosis. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the overall quality of data is high on some measures, although there are exceptions, especially wide standard deviations. Disentangling measurement error from intrinsic variation is difficult. Future research is needed to establish standard parameters that assess measurement error in the assessment of hemoglobin and other biomarkers.

Health surveys --- Hemoglobin --- Anemia

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Hemoglobin --- Hémoglobine