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taxonomy --- nomenclature --- Suriname --- Linnaeus classification --- historical collections

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At the beginning of the 20th century, Otto Müller described over 100 new East African diatom taxa from algae samples, taken during the German "Nyassa-See- und Kinga-Gebirgs-Expedition". He published valuable drawings and wrote detailed descriptions, however, in German and in a journal which is not well accessible today. Later authors, however, regarded these early African taxa often as synonyms or as infraspecific taxa of European species. The renewed attention that is given in the last two decades to the diatom flora of East Africa makes it evident that Müller's taxa have to be reinvestigated, including light as well as scanning electron microscopy, in order to evaluate possible new or endemic species. This was recently done for his Surirella taxa, a typical component of the African Great Lakes diatom flora of which many species are endemic to this area. The study of permanent LM slides as well as original materials allowed us not only to choose lectotypes, respectively epitypes, but also to study valve variability, while detailed information on valve ultrastructure was acquired by SEM investigation. Additional data, originating from materials of later periods in the same region (e.g. Lakes Tanganyika, Malawi, Victoria, Edward), was incorporated in the investigation to study the variability in valve morphology and the African distribution of each species. Otto Müller's samples thus provide the means to study historical African diatom diversity which can be used as a baseline for modern biodiversity assessment. Moreover, to make this information available worldwide, type information and English description of each taxon are published in international journals and on the AlgaTerra Information System [www.algaterra.org] which has been developed and is kept updated by the Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem (BGBM). High resolution digital photographs will also be available in the future on the API website [www.aluka.org]

BR Staff Publications [a] (paper in international, peer reviewed journal) --- Surirella --- historical collections --- herbarium collections --- B institute --- Bacillariophyta = Diatoms = Diatomeae

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Spain --- botanical gardens --- MA institute --- herbaria --- herbarium catalogues --- herbarium collections --- history of botany --- historical collections --- botanical exploration --- expeditions --- South America

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INS Institutes --- Spain --- botanical gardens --- MA institute --- herbaria --- herbarium collections --- herbarium catalogues --- herbarium specimen citation --- history of botany --- historical collections --- botanical exploration --- expeditions --- South America --- Colombia

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This book is a history of an astounding transatlantic phenomenon, a popular evangelical revival known in America as the first Great Awakening (1735-1745). Beginning in the mid-1730s, supporters and opponents of the revival commented on the extraordinary nature of what one observer called the "great ado," with its extemporaneous outdoor preaching, newspaper publicity, and rallies of up to 20,000 participants. Frank Lambert, biographer of Great Awakening leader George Whitefield, offers an overview of this important episode and proposes a new explanation of its origins. The Great Awakening, however dramatic, was nevertheless unnamed until after its occurrence, and its leaders created no doctrine nor organizational structure that would result in a historical record. That lack of documentation has allowed recent scholars to suggest that the movement was "invented" by nineteenth-century historians. Some specialists even think that it was wholly constructed by succeeding generations, who retroactively linked sporadic happenings to fabricate an alleged historic development. Challenging these interpretations, Lambert nevertheless demonstrates that the Great Awakening was invented--not by historians but by eighteenth-century evangelicals who were skillful and enthusiastic religious promoters. Reporting a dramatic meeting in one location in order to encourage gatherings in other places, these men used commercial strategies and newly popular print media to build a revival--one that they also believed to be an "extraordinary work of God." They saw a special meaning in contemporary events, looking for a transatlantic pattern of revival and finding a motive for spiritual rebirth in what they viewed as a moral decline in colonial America and abroad. By examining the texts that these preachers skillfully put together, Lambert shows how they told and retold their revival account to themselves, their followers, and their opponents. His inquiries depict revivals as cultural productions and yield fresh understandings of how believers "spread the word" with whatever technical and social methods seem the most effective.

Revivals --- Great Awakening. --- History --- New Jersey. --- New England. --- Acts of the Apostles. --- Antinomianism. --- Baptists. --- Boston. --- Bristol. --- Calvinism. --- Concert for Prayer. --- Congregationalists. --- Cross, Robert. --- Cummings, Archibald. --- Davidson, Henry. --- Deism. --- Dickinson, Jonathan. --- Edinburgh. --- Edwards, Timothy. --- Enlightenment. --- Fielding, Henry. --- Foxcroft, Thomas. --- Gentleman's Magazine. --- Glasgow Weekly History. --- Gooch, William. --- Hamilton, Dr. Alexander. --- Historical Collections. --- Huguenots. --- Independents. --- Kilsyth, Scotland. --- London Gazette. --- Mather, Increase. --- New Lights. --- New York Gazette. --- Nova Scotia. --- Old Lights. --- Parkman, Ebenezer. --- Pentecost. --- Pietism. --- Quakers. --- Ramism. --- bank war. --- church census. --- conversion narratives. --- counterinventions. --- declension of religion. --- enthusiasm. --- experimental Christianity. --- invention. --- itinerancy. --- jeremiad. --- letter-writing network. --- moderates. --- numeracy. --- practice of piety. --- predestination.