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While the literature on consumption insurance is growing fast, little research has been conducted on how rural consumption insurance is affected by democracy. In this paper the authors examine how consumption insurance of Chinese rural residents is affected if the local leader is democratically elected. Exploring a unique panel data set of 1,400 households from 1987 to 2002, they find that consumption insurance is more complete when the households are in villages with elected village leaders. Furthermore, democracy improves consumption insurance only for the poor and middle-income farmers, but not for the rich. These findings underline the importance of democratic governance for ensuring better rural consumption insurance and poverty reduction.

Administrative Costs --- Consumption --- Consumption Insurance --- Consumption Smoothing --- Currencies and Exchange Rates --- E-Government --- Economic Theory and Research --- Farmers --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Intermediation --- Financial Literacy --- Governance --- Household Consumption --- Household Head --- Household Income --- Household Size --- Idiosyncratic Shocks --- Income --- Inequality --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Poor --- Poor Farmers --- Poverty --- Poverty Reduction --- Risk Sharing --- Risks --- Rural --- Rural Development --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Rural Residents --- Services and Transfers to Poor --- Social Protections and Labor --- Transfers --- Village Leaders

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Family demography --- Fertility, Human --- Parenthood. --- Parenthood --- Family Characteristics --- Parents --- Fertility --- #SBIB:314H233 --- #SBIB:314H240 --- #SBIB:316.356.2H3621 --- Below Replacement Fertility --- Differential Fertility --- Fecundability --- Fertility Determinants --- Fertility Incentives --- Fertility Preferences --- Fertility, Below Replacement --- Marital Fertility --- Natural Fertility --- Subfecundity --- World Fertility Survey --- Fecundity --- Determinant, Fertility --- Determinants, Fertility --- Fertility Determinant --- Fertility Incentive --- Fertility Preference --- Fertility Survey, World --- Fertility Surveys, World --- Fertility, Differential --- Fertility, Marital --- Fertility, Natural --- Preference, Fertility --- Preferences, Fertility --- Survey, World Fertility --- Surveys, World Fertility --- World Fertility Surveys --- Parental Age --- Parenthood Status --- Stepparent --- Step-Parents --- Age, Parental --- Ages, Parental --- Parent --- Parental Ages --- Status, Parenthood --- Step Parents --- Step-Parent --- Stepparents --- Parental Consent --- Parental Notification --- Couples --- Family Demography --- Family Life Surveys --- Family Size, Average --- Family Size, Completed --- Family Size, Desired --- Family Size, Expected --- Family Size, Ideal --- Family and Household --- Generations --- Head of Household --- Households --- Matriarchy --- One-Person Household --- Patriarchy --- Family Size --- Average Family Size --- Average Family Sizes --- Characteristic, Family --- Characteristics, Family --- Completed Family Size --- Completed Family Sizes --- Demographies, Family --- Demography, Family --- Desired Family Size --- Desired Family Sizes --- Expected Family Size --- Expected Family Sizes --- Family Characteristic --- Family Demographies --- Family Life Survey --- Family Sizes --- Family Sizes, Average --- Family Sizes, Completed --- Family Sizes, Desired --- Family Sizes, Expected --- Family Sizes, Ideal --- Household --- Household Head --- Household Heads --- Household and Family --- Household, One-Person --- Households, One-Person --- Ideal Family Size --- Ideal Family Sizes --- Life Survey, Family --- Life Surveys, Family --- Matriarchies --- One Person Household --- One-Person Households --- Patriarchies --- Survey, Family Life --- Surveys, Family Life --- Families --- Demography --- Geboorteregeling --- Nuptialiteit en gezin --- Gezinssociologie: vruchtbaarheid: Westers maatschappijen --- Research --- United States --- Population --- Socioeconomic aspects

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Although weather shocks are a major source of income fluctuation, most of the world's poor lack insurance coverage against them. Absence of formal insurance contributes to poverty traps, as investment decisions are conflicted with risk management ones: risk-averse farmers tend to underinvest and produce lower yielding yet safer crops. In the past few years, weather index insurance has gained increasing attention as an effective tool to provide small-scale farmers coverage against aggregate shocks. However, there is little empirical evidence about its effectiveness. This paper studies the effect of the recently introduced rainfall-indexed insurance on farmers' productivity, risk management strategies, as well as per capita income and expenditure in Mexico. The identification strategy takes advantage of the variation across counties and across time in which the insurance was rolled-out. The analysis finds that the presence of insurance in treated counties has significant and positive effects on maize productivity. Similarly, there is a positive association between the presence of insurance in the municipality and rural households' per capita expenditure and income, although no significant relation is found between the presence of insurance and the number of hectares destined for maize production.

Administrative Costs --- Adverse Selection --- Agricultural Development --- Agricultural Insurance --- Agricultural Land --- Agricultural Policy --- Agricultural Production --- Agricultural Productivity --- Agricultural Technology --- Agriculture --- Basis Risk --- Beneficiaries --- Cash Crops --- Cash Transfer Programs --- Cash Transfers --- Checks --- Claims --- Communal Land --- Consumption Smoothing --- Contracts --- Counterfactual --- Covariate Shocks --- Coverage --- Credit --- Crop Insurance --- Crop Varieties --- Crops & Crop Management Systems --- Debt Markets --- Development Economics --- Drought --- Durable --- Durable Assets --- Economics --- Effects --- Efficiency --- Equity --- Exchange --- Expenditure --- Extreme Poverty --- Famine --- Farmers --- Female Labor --- Female Labor Force --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Support --- Guarantee --- Household Head --- Household Income --- Household Survey --- Illiteracy --- Implicit Contracts --- Incentives --- Income --- Income Smoothing --- Indemnity --- Indemnity Payments --- Infant Mortality --- Information --- Insurance --- Insurance & Risk Mitigation --- Insurance Company --- Insurance Contracts --- Insurance Coverage --- Insurance Market --- Insurance Policies --- Insurance Premiums --- Insurance Product --- Insurances --- Insurers --- Interest --- International Bank --- Investment --- Investment Decisions --- Irrigation --- Labor --- Labor Force --- Labor Policies --- Lack of Infrastructure --- Land Quality --- Land Size --- Loans --- Loss --- Malnutrition --- Management --- Market --- Market Failures --- Measures --- Minimum Wages --- Moral Hazard --- Mortality --- Organizations --- Outcomes --- Policies --- Policyholders --- Political Economy --- Poor --- Poor Rural Household --- Poverty --- Poverty Index --- Poverty Levels --- Poverty Reduction --- Premiums --- Private Insurance --- Private Insurance Companies --- Production --- Production of Cash Crops --- Productivity --- Productivity Growth --- Profit --- Programs --- Property Rights --- Rates --- Real Income --- Reinsurance --- Reinsurance Markets --- Rights --- Risk --- Risk Exposure --- Risk Management --- Risk Management Strategies --- Risk Sharing --- Risk Sharing Arrangements --- Risk Taking --- Risk Transfer --- Risks --- Running Water --- Rural --- Rural Areas --- Rural Household --- Rural Level --- Rural Population --- Rural Poverty --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Rural Settings --- Social Protections and Labor --- Standards --- Supply --- Theory --- Training --- Transfer Programs --- Transfers --- Value --- Wages

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Child. --- Infant. --- Chronic Disease. --- Cystic Fibrosis. --- Family Characteristics. --- Chronically ill children --- -Cystic fibrosis in children --- -Parent and child --- #SBIB:316.334.3M40 --- Child and parent --- Children and parents --- Parent-child relations --- Parents and children --- Children and adults --- Interpersonal relations --- Parental alienation syndrome --- Sandwich generation --- Children --- Chronic diseases in children --- Sick children --- Couples --- Family Demography --- Family Life Surveys --- Family Size, Average --- Family Size, Completed --- Family Size, Desired --- Family Size, Expected --- Family Size, Ideal --- Family and Household --- Generations --- Head of Household --- Households --- Matriarchy --- One-Person Household --- Patriarchy --- Family Size --- Average Family Size --- Average Family Sizes --- Characteristic, Family --- Characteristics, Family --- Completed Family Size --- Completed Family Sizes --- Demographies, Family --- Demography, Family --- Desired Family Size --- Desired Family Sizes --- Expected Family Size --- Expected Family Sizes --- Family Characteristic --- Family Demographies --- Family Life Survey --- Family Sizes --- Family Sizes, Average --- Family Sizes, Completed --- Family Sizes, Desired --- Family Sizes, Expected --- Family Sizes, Ideal --- Household --- Household Head --- Household Heads --- Household and Family --- Household, One-Person --- Households, One-Person --- Ideal Family Size --- Ideal Family Sizes --- Life Survey, Family --- Life Surveys, Family --- Matriarchies --- One Person Household --- One-Person Households --- Patriarchies --- Survey, Family Life --- Surveys, Family Life --- Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas --- Fibrocystic Disease of Pancreas --- Pancreatic Cystic Fibrosis --- Pulmonary Cystic Fibrosis --- Mucoviscidosis --- Cystic Fibrosis, Pancreatic --- Cystic Fibrosis, Pulmonary --- Fibrosis, Cystic --- Pancreas Fibrocystic Disease --- Pancreas Fibrocystic Diseases --- Sweating --- Chronically Ill --- Chronic Illness --- Chronic Diseases --- Chronic Illnesses --- Disease, Chronic --- Diseases, Chronic --- Illness, Chronic --- Illnesses, Chronic --- Pain Management --- Infants --- Minors --- Family relationships --- Psychological aspects --- Social aspects --- Medische sociologie: zorgenverstrekkers, relatie met hulpvragers --- Diseases --- Patients --- Cystic fibrosis in children --- Parent and child --- Child --- Chronic Disease --- Cystic Fibrosis --- Family Characteristics --- Infant

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Sociology of social care --- Sociology of the family. Sociology of sexuality --- Social problems --- United States --- Problem families --- Family social work --- Family counseling --- Family Characteristics. --- Social Problems. --- Social Work. --- 316.356.2 <73> --- 316.356.2*5 --- 364.44 --- 364.4 <73> --- #SBIB:316.356.2H3360 --- Service, Social --- Social Service --- Services, Social --- Social Services --- Work, Social --- Child Protective Services --- Problem, Social --- Problems, Social --- Social Problem --- Couples --- Family Demography --- Family Life Surveys --- Family Size, Average --- Family Size, Completed --- Family Size, Desired --- Family Size, Expected --- Family Size, Ideal --- Family and Household --- Generations --- Head of Household --- Households --- Matriarchy --- One-Person Household --- Patriarchy --- Family Size --- Average Family Size --- Average Family Sizes --- Characteristic, Family --- Characteristics, Family --- Completed Family Size --- Completed Family Sizes --- Demographies, Family --- Demography, Family --- Desired Family Size --- Desired Family Sizes --- Expected Family Size --- Expected Family Sizes --- Family Characteristic --- Family Demographies --- Family Life Survey --- Family Sizes --- Family Sizes, Average --- Family Sizes, Completed --- Family Sizes, Desired --- Family Sizes, Expected --- Family Sizes, Ideal --- Household --- Household Head --- Household Heads --- Household and Family --- Household, One-Person --- Households, One-Person --- Ideal Family Size --- Ideal Family Sizes --- Life Survey, Family --- Life Surveys, Family --- Matriarchies --- One Person Household --- One-Person Households --- Patriarchies --- Survey, Family Life --- Surveys, Family Life --- Gezinssociologie--Verenigde Staten van Amerika. VSA. USA --- Gezinsproblemen --- Immateriele hulp aan persoon en gezin. Sociaal medische hulp. Sociaal culturele hulp --sociale zorg --- Hulpverlening. Bijstand--Verenigde Staten van Amerika. VSA. USA --- Gezinssociologie: alternatieve vormen van huwen en samenwonen (incl. homosexuele relaties) --- United States. --- 364.4 <73> Hulpverlening. Bijstand--Verenigde Staten van Amerika. VSA. USA --- 364.44 Immateriele hulp aan persoon en gezin. Sociaal medische hulp. Sociaal culturele hulp --sociale zorg --- 316.356.2*5 Gezinsproblemen --- 316.356.2 <73> Gezinssociologie--Verenigde Staten van Amerika. VSA. USA --- Dysfunctional families --- Family Characteristics --- Social Problems --- Social Work --- Labor Exploitation --- Social Exploitation --- Exploitation, Labor --- Exploitation, Social --- Exploitations, Labor --- Social Intervention --- Social Service Intervention --- Social Work Intervention --- Intervention, Social --- Intervention, Social Service --- Intervention, Social Work --- Interventions, Social Work --- Service Intervention, Social --- Social Interventions --- Social Service Interventions --- Social Work Interventions --- Work Intervention, Social --- Problem families - United States --- Family social work - United States --- Family counseling - United States --- United States of America