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It is widely acknowledged that life has adapted to its environment, but the precise mechanism remains unknown since Natural Selection, Descent with Modification and Survival of the Fittest are metaphors that cannot be scientifically tested. In this unique text invertebrate and vertebrate biologists illuminate the effects of physiologic stress on epigenetic responses in the process of evolutionary adaptation from unicellular organisms to invertebrates and vertebrates, respectively. This book offers a novel perspective on the mechanisms underlying evolution. Capacities for morphologic alterations and epigenetic adaptations subject to environmental stresses are demonstrated in both unicellular and multicellular organisms. Furthermore, the underlying cellular-molecular mechanisms that mediate stress for adaptation will be elucidated wherever possible. These include examples of ‘reverse evolution’ by Professor Guex for Ammonites and for mammals by Professor Torday and Dr. Miller. This provides empirical evidence that the conventional way of thinking about evolution as unidirectional is incorrect, leaving open the possibility that it is determined by cell-cell interactions, not sexual selection and reproductive strategy. Rather, the process of evolution can be productively traced through the conservation of an identifiable set of First Principles of Physiology that began with the unicellular form and have been consistently maintained, as reflected by the return to the unicellular state over the course of the life cycle.

Evolutionary biology. --- Biodiversity. --- Paleontology . --- Microbiology. --- Invertebrates. --- Evolutionary Biology. --- Paleontology. --- Invertebrata --- Animals --- Microbial biology --- Biology --- Microorganisms --- Fossilogy --- Fossilology --- Palaeontology --- Paleontology, Zoological --- Paleozoology --- Historical geology --- Zoology --- Fossils --- Prehistoric animals in motion pictures --- Biological diversification --- Biological diversity --- Biotic diversity --- Diversification, Biological --- Diversity, Biological --- Biocomplexity --- Ecological heterogeneity --- Numbers of species --- Animal evolution --- Biological evolution --- Darwinism --- Evolutionary biology --- Evolutionary science --- Origin of species --- Evolution --- Biological fitness --- Homoplasy --- Natural selection --- Phylogeny --- Evolution (Biology) --- Morphogenesis. --- Morphogeny --- Organogenesis --- Embryology --- Morphology --- Morfogènesi --- Epigenètica --- Influència de l'home en la natura --- Efecte de l'home sobre la natura --- Efectes antropogènics sobre la natura --- Influència de l'home sobre el medi ambient --- Influència de l'home sobre la terra --- Ecologia humana --- Contaminació --- Desertització --- Petjada ecològica --- Genètica --- Morfogènia --- Biologia --- Diferenciació cel·lular --- Organogènesi --- Formació de models (Biologia) --- Morfologia (Biologia)

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This book investigates how fish experience their lives, their amazing senses and abilities, and how human actions impact their quality of life. The authors examine the concept of fish welfare and the scientific knowledge behind the inclusion of fish within the moral circle, and how this knowledge can change the way we treat fish in the future. In many countries fish are already protected by animal welfare legislation in the same way as mammals, but in practice there is still a major gap between how we ethically view these groups and how we actually treat them. The poor treatment of fish represents a massive animal welfare problem in aquaculture and fisheries, both in terms of the number of animals affected and the severity of the welfare issues. Thanks to its interdisciplinary scope, this thought-provoking book appeals to professionals, academics and students in the fields of animal welfare, cognition and physiology, as well as fisheries and aquaculture management. .

Animal physiology. --- Veterinary medicine. --- Zoology. --- Ecology . --- Animal Physiology. --- Veterinary Medicine/Veterinary Science. --- Ecology. --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Natural history --- Animals --- Farriery --- Large animal medicine --- Large animal veterinary medicine --- Livestock medicine --- Veterinary science --- Medicine --- Animal health --- Domestic animals --- Livestock --- Animal physiology --- Anatomy --- Ecology --- Diseases --- Losses --- Physiology --- Animal welfare. --- Fishes. --- Fish --- Pisces --- Aquatic animals --- Vertebrates --- Fisheries --- Fishing --- Ichthyology --- Abuse of animals --- Animal cruelty --- Animals, Cruelty to --- Animals, Protection of --- Animals, Treatment of --- Cruelty to animals --- Humane treatment of animals --- Kindness to animals --- Mistreatment of animals --- Neglect of animals --- Prevention of cruelty to animals --- Protection of animals --- Treatment of animals --- Welfare, Animal --- Abuse of --- Social aspects --- Peixos --- Benestar dels animals --- Influència de l'home en la natura --- Efecte de l'home sobre la natura --- Efectes antropogènics sobre la natura --- Influència de l'home sobre el medi ambient --- Influència de l'home sobre la terra --- Ecologia humana --- Contaminació --- Desertització --- Petjada ecològica --- Crueltat vers els animals --- Maltractament dels animals --- Negligència amb els animals --- Protecció dels animals --- Tracte vers els animals --- Animals domèstics --- Vivisecció --- Drets dels animals --- Fauna aquàtica --- Vertebrats --- Àgnats --- Condrictis --- Osteïctis --- Peixos d'aigua dolça --- Peixos d'aquari --- Peixos exòtics --- Peixos marins --- Peixos plans --- Piscicultura --- Ictiologia --- Indústria pesquera --- Peix --- Pesca