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Infrared spectrophotometry --- Measurement

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Streptococcus --- Streptococcus --- Fermentation --- Fermentation --- monitoring --- monitoring --- Infrared spectrophotometry --- Infrared spectrophotometry

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Measurement --- Infrared spectrophotometry --- Spectrometry --- Wheats --- proteins

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Clostridium --- Clostridium --- Infrared spectrophotometry --- Infrared spectrophotometry --- membranes --- membranes --- identification. --- identification --- Clostridium sordellii --- Clostridium tetanomorphus

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The aim of the study is to evaluate the potentialities and the limitations of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) for the monitoring of bio-reactions. The research is mainly focused on pectinolytic enzymes, pectic substances and their hydrolysis. NIRS is first used for the characterization of the substrate. It is then proposed to screen microorganisms for their ability to produce pectinolytic enzymes (pectin methyl esterase or polygalacturonase). NIRS can also contribute to the optimization of the conditions of growth of these microorganisms. It also allows the monitoring of the depolymerisation of polygalacturonic acid, the deesterification of a pectin and finally of both depolymerisation and deesterification of a pectin, using an enzymes complex. The real-time measurements performed on the liquid substrate allows a global monitoring of the hydrolysis. A further freeze-drying step is necessary for the quantitative determinations of individual oligogalacturonides which are required for a better understanding of the depolymerisation pathways of pectic substances. The monitoring of pectin hydrolysis can be extended to other applications. The study also deals with the monitoring of wheat amylolysis. In this case the concentration levels are less restrictive.

Pectins --- Pectins --- Enzyme activity --- Enzyme activity --- Hydrolysis --- Hydrolysis --- Infrared spectrophotometry --- Infrared spectrophotometry