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Civil rights --- International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

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Freedom of Religion--declared in Art. 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)--concerned not only individuals, but included the moral right of religious communities to manifest religion in public. The International Covenant on Political and Civil Rights (1966/1976) made it a legal right and added an article that allowed states to restrict that freedom, provided it violates national laws and public order. This article resulted in an ongoing process of legal proceedings. The Human Rights Committee of the UN and the European Court of Human Rights have made judgments that allowed a plurality of religions in public, even in cases where there is a state religion. A declaration of the UN against intolerance and discrimination empowered religious communities to establish charitable institutions, to disseminate internationally relevant publications, and to receive financial contributions, and made them powerful social and political actors. The same declaration defended the principles of free choice of a religion and of tolerance among citizens of different faiths.This book investigates the most relevant rulings concerning the religious rights of individuals and communities. It fills a gap in the study of religious communities in the globalized world, and will be of interest to anyone involved in historical, social, legal, and religious studies. It will help the reader to understand the paradox of the power of religious communities in a secular and globalizing world.

Freedom of religion. --- United Nations. --- International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

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Im Mittelpunkt der Untersuchung stehen militärgerichtliche Strafverfahren gegen Zivilpersonen. Die Frage, inwiefern solche Verfahren mit dem Recht auf ein faires Verfahren vereinbar sind, beschäftigt internationale Spruchkörper und Gremien seit längerem. Prüfungsmaßstab sind drei Konventionen: die EMRK, die AMRK und der Internationale Pakt über bürgerliche und politische Rechte. Die Arbeit systematisiert zunächst die vorhandene Spruchpraxis. Sie geht sodann der Frage nach, ob es ein Recht auf ein zuständiges Gericht gibt bzw. wie sich ein solches Recht konstruieren lässt. Ausführungen zu besonderen Problemen im Kontext von Ausnahmezuständen und eine Betrachtung der U.S.-amerikanischen Militärkommissionen im Nachtrag runden die Analyse ab.

International criminal law. --- Human rights. --- International Criminal Law . --- Human Rights. --- International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

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"The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is one of the components of the International Bill of Rights. This is an article-by-article commentary on the Covenant and its two Optional Protocols. For each provision, the preparatory work as well as the case law of the Human Rights Committee and the concluding observations on periodic reports by States Parties is reviewed. It is the third edition, substantially revising the second edition which was published in 2005."

Droit international. --- International law. --- Civil rights. --- Political rights --- Droits civils et politiques. --- Nowak, Manfred, --- Vereinte Nationen. --- Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques. --- International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

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Human rights. --- International and municipal law. --- Treaties. --- Droits de l'homme (Droit international) --- Droit international et droit interne --- Traités --- International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights --- Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment --- Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms --- Traités