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The Historical Dictionary of Journalism relates how journalism has evolved over the centuries. This is done through a chronology, an introductory essay, a bibliography, and hundreds of cross-referenced dictionary entries on the different styles of journalism, the different types of media, and important writers and editors.

Journalism --- Journalisme --- History --- Dictionaries. --- Histoire --- Dictionnaires anglais --- Journalism - History. --- Journalism -- History -- Dictionaries. --- Journalism -- History. --- Journalism & Communications --- Writing (Authorship) --- Literature --- Publicity --- Fake news

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From data-rich infographics to 140 character tweets and activist cell phone photos taken at political protests, 21st century journalism is awash in new ways to report, display, and distribute the news. Computational journalism, in particular, has been the object of recent scholarly and industry attention as large datasets, powerful algorithms, and growing technological capacity at news organizations seemingly empower journalists and editors to report the news in creative ways. Can journalists use data-along with other forms of quantified information such as paper documents of figures, data visualizations, and charts and graphs-in order to produce better journalism? In this book, C.W. Anderson traces the genealogy of data journalism and its material and technological underpinnings, arguing that the use of data in news reporting is inevitably intertwined with national politics, the evolution of computable databases, and the history of professional scientific fields. It is impossible to understand journalistic uses of data, Anderson argues, without understanding the oft-contentious relationship between social science and journalism. It is also impossible to disentangle empirical forms of public truth telling without first understanding the remarkably persistent Progressive belief that the publication of empirically verifiable information will lead to a more just and prosperous world. Anderson considers various types of evidence (documents, interviews, informational graphics, surveys, databases, variables, and algorithms) and the ways these objects have been used through four different eras in American journalism (the Progressive Era, the interpretive journalism movement of the 1930s, the invention of so-called "precision journalism," and today's computational journalistic moment) to pinpoint what counts as empirical knowledge in news reporting. Ultimately the book shows how the changes in these specifically journalistic understandings of evidence can help us think through the current "digital data moment" in ways that go beyond simply journalism.

Journalism --- Attribution of news. --- History --- Objectivity. --- Data processing. --- Technological innovations. --- Journalism - History - 20th century. --- Journalism - History - 21st century. --- Journalism - Objectivity. --- Journalism - Data processing. --- Journalism - Technological innovations.

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Journalism --- Attribution of news --- News audiences --- History --- Fake news --- Philosophy of science --- Mass communications --- Journalism - History - 21st century

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Les « fakes » (fausses nouvelles), les théories du complot, l’intoxication en ligne ou la prolifération des faits dits alternatifs ou de révélations imaginaires..., tout cela mobilise des vérificateurs et dénonciateurs dans la presse, dans les gouvernements et même chez les grands du Net. La montée du faux est sensée expliquer des votes irrationnels (Brexit, Trump), voire annoncer une ère de la « post-vérité » où les masses deviendraient comme indifférentes aux faits vérifiés. Au final, ce seraient autant de menaces pour la démocratie. Chacun peut-il choisir les versions de la réalité conformes à ses préjugés et les communautés en ligne vont elles s’isoler de plus en plus dans des univers imaginaires partagés ? Au détriment de la vérité commune. Si tel est le cas, il faut se demander pourquoi une fraction de la population est devenue si rétive aux évidences que professent médias ou experts, d’où vient ce scepticisme de masse et comment se propage l’affabulation. Prolongeant ses travaux sur la désinformation, l’auteur montre les ressorts culturels, psychologiques et technologiques de la prolifération des impostures et délires. Il analyse aussi la coupure politique entre des élites convaincues que leurs convictions raisonnables ne peuvent être remises en cause que par volonté de manipulation et, d’autre part, des communautés « anti-système » insensibles au pouvoir des médias classiques. Le livre pose la question de l'impuissance idéologique à maintenir un consensus sur le réel. Mais il analyse aussi le pouvoir inédit des technologies de communication et le conflit entre les médias, les vieilles machines à faire-croire et les nouveaux réseaux du croire ensemble. Un monde où personne ne croit plus rien, où chacun croit ce qui lui plaît ou une crise de confiance dans les anciennes machines à faire croire ?

Mass media --- Disinformation --- Fake news --- Influence --- Objectivity --- Disinformation. --- Médias --- Désinformation --- Journalism --- Online journalism --- Objectivité --- History --- Médias - Influence --- Médias - Objectivité --- Journalism - History - 21st century

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Freedom of the press --- J0960.90 --- J4126 --- Japan: Journalism -- history -- postwar Shōwa (1945- ), Heisei period (1989- ), contemporary --- Japan: Sociology and anthropology -- media and (mass) communications