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Cement is an important material for society, being a base component of concrete. Indeed, concrete
is widely used in construction. But the production of cement is energy-intensive and thus has a high
impact on environment. The objective of this thesis is to give operators of cement rotary kilns a reliable
model on which they may test possible actions and see the future effect of these actions. The possibility of
choosing the most appropriate action will thus improve production efficiency. The model must be quickly
solved. The shorter the computation time, the more actions the operator may test. For this objective, a
1D partial-differential-equations model is developed. Its equations system is based on mass and energy
balances which are expressed with mass and energy transfers. Due to the high differences between the
flame and no-flame zones of the kiln, the equations are different in the flame and no-flame zones. A
second model is then developed. The second model presented here includes modified equations such that
the sizes of the different zones adapt to the exact flame length. It also allows representing a time-varying
flame length. In that model, the number of nodes assigned to the flame zone is predetermined. Next,
the implementation is performed in Matlab using the method of lines with finite differences from the
Matmol toolbox. At the end, several scenarios are simulated in order to test the model. It shows the
physical coherence of the model, the coherence of both models, that the mass and energy balances are
respected and most importantly that the second model is more efficient. Indeed, it requires less nodes and
a notably smaller computation time. In conclusion, the modeling of cement rotary kilns has been improved.

Cement kiln --- Modeling --- Time-varying flame length --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Energie --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Ingénierie chimique

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Pâte de verre --- Catalogs --- Argy-Rousseau, Gabriel, --- Rousseau, Gabriel Argy-, --- Argy-Rousseau, G. --- Catalogues raisonnés. --- Glass, Colored --- Kiln-formed glass

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ترتّب هذا البحث في البَدء على مطمحِ مقارنة معالجة المعادن في حلبٍ في المُحترَفات التي كانت ما تزال موجودة بين عامي 2004 و 2009، مع الأنشطة عينها في عصورٍ أخرى في أوساطٍ مدينيّة. لا يتناول هذا الكتاب سوى الجانب المعاصر بشكلٍ أساسي. يرى مؤلفو هذا الكتاب أن أنشطة التعدين التقليدية الراهنة هي سستامٌ من العناصر المتفاعلة في المدينة : و هم يتطلعون هنا إلى الوقوف على بيّنةٍ من التقاطعات ما بين الأبعاد التقنية (عمليات الصنع) و الوظيفية (تنظيم العمل في المحترفات و الوضعيات الجسدية)، بلحاظ التنظيم العام للحيّز المديني بعلاقته مع الإعتبارات الثقافية و المجتمعية، فضلاً عن دور السلطات المدينية. يولي هذا المؤلَّف اهتمامه في المقام الأول بالمُحترَفات القائمة في الأسواق القديمة : الحدّادون و حرفيو النُّحاسيّات (طَرْق النُّحاس، صَهر و سَكب “البرونز”)، و مبيضو النُّحاسيّات. و يتناول أحد الأسئلة التي تثيرها هذه الأنشطة صيَغ إدماج التجديدات في المعارف العملية كما في سبل الإشتغال المتوارثة، كمثل وضعيّات العمل و العلاقة بأرض المُحترَف : العمل بوضعية الجلوس على الأرض، الجلوس على مقعد، العمل وقوفًا ؟ تتموضع الأنشطة الأكثر تحديثًا لصَهر وسَكب الحديد و الفولاذ، و الحديد الزَهر (“الفونت”)، في مُحترَفاتٍ أكبر، تقع في الضواحي في مناطق شرعية مخصَّصة لهذه الأنشطة أو في مناطق غير شرعية. و تشكّل هذه المُحترَفات جزءًا من اقتصادٍ آخر آخذٍ في النمو. ألا ينطوي الانتقال من مُحترَفات السوق التقليدية للتعدين إلى المشاغل المتوسطة نصف الصناعية على تغيّرٍ في الطبيعة اكثر منه انتقالاً في المكان ؟ توثِّق التحقيقات الحقلية التي أجراها المؤلفون، كما الرسومات، و الصور الشمسية الملتقطة، في حلب قبل عام 2011، أنشطةً مندثرة نُهبت ودُمِّرت منشآتها الواقعة على مقربة من خط المواجهة و تحوّلت إلى ميدان قتال : للشهادات هذه المُقدَّمة في هذا المؤلَّف إذن قيمة تراثية بشكلٍ أساسي. Cette recherche a pris forme avec l’ambition initiale de comparer le travail du métal à Alep dans les ateliers encore en place entre 2004 et 2009, avec les mêmes activités à d’autres époques en milieu urbain. La présente publication porte essentiellement sur le volet contemporain. La métallurgie traditionnelle actuelle constitue un système…

Metal-work --- Copperwork --- Ironwork --- History. --- Arts & Humanities --- Sociology & Anthropology --- Area Studies --- atelier --- espace de travail --- attitude corporelle --- bronze --- cuivre --- dinanderie --- ductilité --- fer --- fonte --- forge --- four --- fusion --- moule --- percussion --- recyclage --- souk --- artisanat --- métallurgie --- Workshop --- Working space --- Corporal bearing --- Bronze --- Copper --- Copperware --- Ductility --- Iron --- Ironwords --- Kiln --- Lathe-work --- Melting --- Mould --- Pig iron --- Recycling --- Souk

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The second volume on the Austrian excavations of the years 1975-1980 on the acropolis of Aigeira aims at a reconstruction of the post-palatial Mycenaean settlement, based on stratigraphy and findings. Spatial analyses were executed on the basis of distribution patterns of installations as well as small finds, pithoi and pottery in situ showing a settlement consisting of households based on family structures which are characterized by storage, production of goods and feasting. Furthermore, the social grade of the inhabitants is underlined by a cult room as well as a fortification evident for a late phase of the settlement.Buch: http://e-book.fwf.ac.at/o:1468Beilagenmappe: http://e-book.fwf.ac.at/o:1469 Der zweite Faszikel zu den österreichischen Ausgrabungen der Jahre 1975-1980 auf der Akropolis von Aigeira hat zum Ziel, die postpalatiale mykenische Siedlung, basierend auf der Stratigraphie und den Befunden, zu rekonstruieren. Die anhand der Installationen, Kleinfunde, Pithoi und der in situ angetroffenen Keramikgefäße vorgenommenen Raumanalysen ergaben das Bild von auf Familienstrukturen basierenden Haushalten, die sich durch Lagerhaltung, Produktion von Gütern und Abhalten von Festen auszeichnen. Gleichzeitig wird der gehobene soziale Status der Bewohner durch einen Kultraum sowie durch eine für die Spätphase der Siedlung fassbare Befestigung unterstrichen.Buch: http://e-book.fwf.ac.at/o:1468Beilagenmappe: http://e-book.fwf.ac.at/o:1469

Prehistoric archaeology --- Material culture --- Greece --- German --- English --- Modern Greek --- Prehistory --- Designed for differentiated learning --- For emergent readers (adult) --- Mykenisch, postpalatial, Siedlung, Vorratshaltung, Feste, Töpferofen, Aigeira, Achaia, Griechenland --- ÖFOS 2012, Archäologie --- Mycenaean, postpalatial, settlement, storage, feasting, pottery kiln, Aigeira, Achaia, Greece --- ÖFOS 2012, Archaeology

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Archaeometry is based on the necessary interdisciplinary relationship between diverse branches of the natural and social sciences. This relationship is essential in archaeology, since, from physical materials (objects), scholars have to face questions that go beyond the limits of the tangible and pertain instead to abstract and social concerns. Currently, archaeometric studies are fundamental to the accurate classification and characterization of archaeological materials, providing relevant data, among other aspects, about their production, function and social meaning. In this book, we present a set of papers that show the potential of mineralogical studies (e.g. petrography, mineral geochemistry, X-ray Diffraction) and multiproxy approaches to characterize the composition of a wide diversity of archaeological materials such as ceramics, terracotta, tiles, metals, glazes, glass and mortars related to several periods (Bronze Age, Roman, Middle Age, Modern period). In this sense, this book can be of interest for specialized researchers who seek specific case studies and are mainly concerned with certain kinds of materials, but also for those students, researchers and professionals who look for a practical overview of the chief methods that can be followed in the study of material culture.

Biography & True Stories --- Archaeology --- carreaux de pavement --- medieval pottery --- archaeometry --- mineralogical analysis --- plumbiferous glaze --- silicoaluminate engobe --- reddish paste --- ancient mortars --- analytical characterization --- Sorrento Peninsula --- glass production --- Spain --- 16th century --- µPIXE --- glass kiln --- production remains --- objects --- Italy --- military equipment --- bronze --- pXRF --- museum collections --- non-destructive analysis --- Roman mortars --- aqueduct --- microanalysis --- red pozzolan --- Sabatini Volcanic District --- copper minerals --- micro-XRF --- petrographic analysis --- rock fragment --- pottery --- ceramics --- Early Bronze Age --- Thrace --- Almohad period --- Al-Andalus --- lead glazes --- tin glazes --- SEM-EDS --- defensive structure --- stone masonry bedding mortar --- rammed earth --- air lime --- architectural heritage --- architectural terracottas --- production technology --- Alba Fucens --- technological choices --- petrography --- SEM-EDX --- WDXRF --- PXRD --- heat transfer properties --- fracture strength