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This detailed volume features techniques to explore the complex interface that separates the systemic circulation from the central nervous system, known as the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Beginning with an introduction to its physiology, the book continues with sections on using pluripotent stem cells in models of the BBB, co-culture, permeability and transwell models, microfluidic and chip models, as well as models to study specific BBB pathologies. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, The Blood-Brain Barrier: Methods and Protocols collects a wide range of methodologies which will aid all researchers in the fascinating world of the blood-brain barrier.

Neuroanatomy. --- Neurosciences. --- Nervous System. --- Neuroscience. --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Medical sciences --- Nervous system --- Nerves --- Anatomy --- Neurobiology --- Barrera hematoencefàlica --- Líquid cefalorraquidi

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This volume explores multiple methods and approaches used to generate human brain and neuroretinal organoids to address fundamental questions in human brain research. The chapters in this book cover topics such as self-organizing brain organoids with ventricles amenable to injection and electroporation; visualization of 3D organoids though the latest advancements in microscopy; generation of 3D retinal tissue with physiologically competent, light-sensitive photoreceptors; modeling brain tumors using genetically edited brain organoids; and brain organoids as a model to study Zika virus and SARS-CoV-2 infections. In the Neuromethods series style, chapters include the kind of detail and key advice from the specialists needed to get successful results in your laboratory. Comprehensive and cutting-edge, Brain Organoid Research is a valuable resource for researchers at various levels of learning, ranging from undergraduate students, early researchers, and advanced laboratories. This book aims to be instrumental in moving this developing field forward.

Neurosciences. --- Neuroscience. --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Medical sciences --- Nervous system --- Cervell --- Enginyeria de teixits --- Cèl·lules mare --- Cèl·lules --- Cèl·lules mare embrionàries --- Enginyeria tisular --- Reconstrucció d'òrgans --- Reconstrucció de teixits --- Cultiu de teixits --- Enginyeria biomèdica --- Medicina regenerativa --- Cap --- Craniologia --- Encèfal --- Sistema nerviós central --- Bulb raquidi --- Cerebel --- Escorça cerebral --- Evolució del cervell --- Frenologia --- Hipòfisi --- Líquid cefalorraquidi --- Memòria --- Neurones motores --- Neuropsicologia --- Neuropsiquiatria --- Psicologia --- Sistema límbic --- Somnis --- Son --- Tàlem (Anatomia) --- Tronc de l'encèfal --- Cirurgia cerebral

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Connections define the functions of neurons: information flows along connections, as well as growth factors and viruses, and even neuronal death can progress through connections. Accordingly, knowing how the various parts of the brain are interconnected to form functional systems is a prerequisite for properly understanding data from all fields in the neurosciences. Clinical Neuroanatomy: Brain Circuitry and Its Disorders bridges the gap between neuroanatomy and clinical neurology. It focuses on human and primate data in the context of brain circuitry disorders, which are so common in neurological practice. In addition, numerous clinical cases are presented to demonstrate how normal brain circuitry can be interrupted, and what the effects are. Following an introduction to the organization and vascularization of the human brain and the techniques used to study brain circuitry, the main neurofunctional systems are discussed, including the somatosensory, auditory, visual, motor, autonomic and limbic systems, the cerebral cortex and complex cerebral functions. In this 2nd edition, apart from a general updating, many new illustrations have been added and more emphasis is placed on modern techniques such as diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) and network analysis. Moreover, a developmental ontology based on the prosomeric model is applied, resulting in a more modern subdivision of the brain. The new edition of Clinical Neuroanatomy is primarily intended for neurologists, neuroradiologists and neuropathologists, as well as residents in these fields, but will also appeal to (neuro)anatomists and all those whose work involves human brain mapping.

Neurosciences. --- Neurology . --- Human anatomy. --- Neurology. --- Anatomy. --- Anatomy, Human --- Anatomy --- Human biology --- Medical sciences --- Human body --- Medicine --- Nervous system --- Neuropsychiatry --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Diseases --- Neuroanatomia --- Circuit neuronal --- Cervell --- Cap --- Craniologia --- Encèfal --- Sistema nerviós central --- Bulb raquidi --- Cerebel --- Escorça cerebral --- Evolució del cervell --- Frenologia --- Hipòfisi --- Líquid cefalorraquidi --- Memòria --- Neurones motores --- Neuropsicologia --- Neuropsiquiatria --- Psicologia --- Sistema límbic --- Somnis --- Son --- Tàlem (Anatomia) --- Tronc de l'encèfal --- Cirurgia cerebral --- Circuit nerviós --- Circuit neural --- Electrofisiologia --- Sistema nerviós --- Sinapsi --- Reflexos (Fisiologia) --- Xarxes neuronals (Neurobiologia) --- Anatomia del sistema nerviós --- Anatomia --- Neurobiologia --- Neurociències --- Central nervous system --- Neuroanatomy. --- Diseases.

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This book discusses normal brain physiology and renal physiology, as well as the interactions between the two. The physiology of the brain can easily be affected by any changes to the physiology of other systems, which in turn may compromise cerebral blood flow and oxygenation. Together the brain and the renal system help our body systems to function automatically. The book addresses the basic aspects of neurophysiology and renal physiology in three broad sections, the first of which covers the basic principles of cerebral physiology and neural regulation of the renal system. The second part reviews the normal physiology of the renal system, including the mechanism of action, while the last section summarizes the correlation between the brain and kidney. Highly informative and clearly structured, the book provides essential insights for anyone with an interest in physiology and medicine.

Neurophysiology. --- Kidneys. --- Abdomen --- Urinary organs --- Nephrology --- Nervous system --- Neurobiology --- Physiology --- Human physiology. --- Neurosciences. --- Endocrinology . --- Nephrology. --- Human Physiology. --- Endocrinology. --- Internal medicine --- Hormones --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Medical sciences --- Kidneys --- Human biology --- Human body --- Cervell --- Fisiologia --- Ronyó --- Ronyons --- Aparell urinari --- Diüresi --- Glàndules suprarenals --- Malalties del ronyó --- Nefrologia --- Biologia --- Absorció (Fisiologia) --- Adaptació (Fisiologia) --- Calor animal --- Cèl·lules --- Circulació sanguínia --- Climateri --- Composició corporal (Fisiologia) --- Creixement --- Digestió --- Electrofisiologia --- Embaràs --- Esquena --- Excitació (Fisiologia) --- Excreció --- Fisiologia animal --- Fisiologia cel·lular --- Fisiologia humana --- Lactació --- Mecànica animal --- Neurofisiologia --- Nutrició --- Òptica fisiològica --- Orientació (Fisiologia) --- Perfusió (Fisiologia) --- Psicofisiologia --- Reologia (Biologia) --- Salut --- Secreció --- Set --- Vida (Biologia) --- Anatomia --- Efectes fisiològics --- Cap --- Craniologia --- Encèfal --- Sistema nerviós central --- Bulb raquidi --- Cerebel --- Escorça cerebral --- Evolució del cervell --- Frenologia --- Hipòfisi --- Líquid cefalorraquidi --- Memòria --- Neurones motores --- Neuropsicologia --- Neuropsiquiatria --- Psicologia --- Sistema límbic --- Somnis --- Son --- Tàlem (Anatomia) --- Tronc de l'encèfal --- Cirurgia cerebral

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This open access book bridges common tools in medical imaging and neuroscience with the numerical solution of brain modelling PDEs. The connection between these areas is established through the use of two existing tools, FreeSurfer and FEniCS, and one novel tool, the SVM-Tk, developed for this book. The reader will learn the basics of magnetic resonance imaging and quickly proceed to generating their first FEniCS brain meshes from T1-weighted images. The book's presentation concludes with the reader solving a simplified PDE model of gadobutrol diffusion in the brain that incorporates diffusion tensor images, of various resolution, and complex, multi-domain, variable-resolution FEniCS meshes with detailed markings of anatomical brain regions. After completing this book, the reader will have a solid foundation for performing patient-specific finite element simulations of biomechanical models of the human brain.

Cervell --- Imatges per ressonància magnètica --- Models matemàtics --- Human physiology. --- Biomathematics. --- Mathematical models. --- Cap --- Craniologia --- Encèfal --- Sistema nerviós central --- Bulb raquidi --- Cerebel --- Escorça cerebral --- Evolució del cervell --- Frenologia --- Hipòfisi --- Líquid cefalorraquidi --- Memòria --- Neurones motores --- Neuropsicologia --- Neuropsiquiatria --- Psicologia --- Sistema límbic --- Somnis --- Son --- Tàlem (Anatomia) --- Tronc de l'encèfal --- Cirurgia cerebral --- Mètodes de simulació --- Anàlisi de sistemes --- Mètode de Montecarlo --- Modelització multiescala --- Models economètrics --- Models lineals (Estadística) --- Models multinivell (Estadística) --- Models no lineals (Estadística) --- Programació (Ordinadors) --- Simulació per ordinador --- Teoria de màquines --- Models biològics --- Models (Matemàtica) --- Models experimentals --- Models teòrics --- Diagnòstic per la imatge --- Diagnòstic per ressonància magnètica nuclear --- IRM --- MR Imaging --- MRI --- Tomografia per ressonància magnètica nuclear --- Simulation methods --- Models, Mathematical --- Biology --- Mathematics --- Human biology --- Medical sciences --- Physiology --- Human body --- magnetic resonance imaging --- Mesh generation --- mathematical modeling --- finite element methods --- scientific computing